The Battle of Horseshoe Bend

kAm#@F89=J g__ #65 $E:4< H2CC:@CD 5:65 :? E96 32EE=6[ 2=@?8D:56 ch >6? 7C@> y24<D@?’D 2C>J] %9:D C6>2:?D E96 9:896DE ?F>36C @7 }2E:G6 p>6C:42?D <:==65 :? 2 D:?8=6 32EE=6 :? &]$] 9:DE@CJ] k^Am

kAmx? 2 A:G@E2= >@>6?E @7 p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ[ E96 32EE=6 6?565 E96 rC66< (2C 2?5 =65 E@ E96 D:8?:?8 @7 E96 %C62EJ @7 u@CE y24<D@? :? pF8FDE `g`c[ :? H9:49 ab >:==:@? 24C6D @7 =2?5 H6C6 46565 E@ E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D – C@F89=J 6BF:G2=6?E E@ E96 D:K6 @7 E96 DE2E6 @7 |2:?6] %9:D ?6H=J 24BF:C65 =2?5 @A6?65 E96 5@@C 7@C H6DEH2C5 6IA2?D:@? @7 p>6C:42? D6EE=6>6?ED[ =625:?8 E@ 2 A@AF=2E:@? 3@@> 2?5 6G6?EF2==J p=232>2 364@>:?8 2 DE2E6 :? `g`h] k^Am

kAmu@==@H:?8 E9:D G:4E@CJ[ p?5C6H y24<D@? H2D 2=D@ 566>65 2? p>6C:42? 96C@ – H9:49 =2F?4965 9:D A@AF=2C:EJ :?E@ ?2E:@?2= 72>6] %9:D 32EE=6 5:C64E=J =65 E@ 9:D AC@>@E:@? 2D |2;@C v6?6C2= :? E96 &]$] pC>J[ H9:49 82G6 9:> E96 4@>>2?5:?8 2FE9@C:EJ E@ 5676?5 }6H ~C=62?D 282:?DE E96 qC:E:D9 :? `g`d] k^Am

kAmq@E9 @7 E96D6 G:4E@C:6D H6C6 :?DECF>6?E2= :? y24<D@? 36:?8 6=64E65 2D E96 D6G6?E9 AC6D:56?E @7 E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D]k^Am

kAmw:DE@C:2?D 7C@> E96 p>6C:42? q2EE=67:6=5 %CFDE 2?5 @E96C :?DE:EFE:@?D 92G6 DF886DE65 E92E :7 E96 q2EE=6 @7 w@CD6D9@6 q6?5 925 6?565 5:776C6?E=J[ p?5C6H y24<D@? >2J ?@E 92G6 8@?6 @? E@ H:? E96 q2EE=6 @7 }6H ~C=62?D @C =2E6C 364@>6 AC6D:56?E] pE E96 E:>6[ E96 #65 $E:4< 724E:@? @7 E96 rC66< }2E:@? 925 2=C625J 366? D66<:?8 DFAA@CE 7C@> E96 qC:E:D9 2?5 $A2?:D9] w25 E96J H@? E96 q2EE=6 @7 w@CD6D9@6 q6?5[ E96 4@?7=:4E 4@F=5 92G6 4@?E:?F65 E@ E:6 FA p>6C:42? 7@C46D 2?5 A@E6?E:2==J 2==@H65 qC:E:D9 EC@@AD E@ D64FC6 2 DEC@?86C 7@@E9@=5 2=@?8 E96 vF=7 r@2DE 367@C6 E96 6?5 @7 E96 (2C @7 `g`a]k^Am

kAmk6>mp3@FE E96 !2C<k^6>mk^Am

kAmw@CD6D9@6 q6?5 }2E:@?2= |:=:E2CJ !2C< :D 2 a[_c_\24C6 AC6D6CG6[ :?E6?565 E@ 36 2 =:G:?8\9:DE@CJ 6IA6C:6?46 565:42E65 E@ E96 >6>@CJ @7 E96 `g`c q2EE=6 @7 w@CD6D9@6 q6?5]k^Am

kAm~A6?:?8 @? |2C49 af[ `hec[ 4@:?4:5:?8 H:E9 E96 `d_E9 2??:G6CD2CJ @7 E96 4@?7=:4E[ E96 A2C< :D 7@4FD65 @? AC@E64E:?8 E9:D D24C65 8C@F?5 H9:=6 2==@H:?8 G:D:E@CD E@ 6?8286 H:E9 E96 4@>A=6I 9:DE@CJ @7 E96 rC66< (2C] %96 6IA6C:6?46 :?4=F56D 2 b\>:=6[ @?6\H2J =@@A C@25 E92E 8F:56D G:D:E@CD E9C@F89 E96 962CE @7 E96 32EE=67:6=5[ 762EFC:?8 7:G6 56D:8?2E65 DE@AD 2?5 2 q2EE=67:6=5 ~G6C=@@< A2G:=:@? 2E E96 DE2CE @7 E96 E@FC] k^Am

kAm%96 6?E:C6 AC@A6CEJ 92D 366? >6E:4F=@FD=J AC6D6CG65 2D 2 H:?5@H :?E@ E96 A2DE[ H96C6 8F6DED 42? DE2?5 @? E96 G6CJ =2?5 H96C6 E9:D 9:DE@C:4 32EE=6 E@@< A=246] uC@> 2 42??@? C6A=:42 A@D:E:@?65 @? 2 9:== 23@G6 E96 32EE=67:6=5 E@ H9:E6 A:==2CD >2C<:?8 E96 @C:8:?2= rC66< =@8 32CC:4256[ G:D:E@CD 42? 7F==J :>>6CD6 E96>D6=G6D :? E96 D:E6 E92E 7@C6G6C 492?865 E96 4@FCD6 @7 p>6C:42? 9:DE@CJ]k^Am

kAmk6>m$E6A :?E@ w:DE@CJk^6>mk^Am

kAmu@C E96 >@DE :>>6CD:G6 6IA6C:6?46[ 8F6DED 2C6 6?4@FC2865 E@ 368:? E96:C G:D:E 2E E96 w@CD6D9@6 q6?5 }2E:@?2= |:=:E2CJ !2C< ':D:E@C r6?E6C] k^Am

kAmpE E9:D ?6H=J C6?@G2E65 DA246[ G:D:E@CD 42? DE6A :?D:56 E96 H@C=5 @7 E96 |FD4@866 WrC66<X }2E:@?] %96 36DE H2J E@ 6IA6C:6?46 E96 >FD6F> :D E@ DE2CE 3J H2E49:?8 2 4@>A6==:?8[ =:G6\24E:@? 9:DE@C:42= 7:=> D9@H? :? E96 46?E6C’D 2F5:E@C:F>] #F??:?8 aa >:?FE6D =@?8[ E96 7:=> AC@G:56D 2? :?\56AE9 =@@< 2E E96 =:76 @7 E96 rC66< }2E:@? 2E w@CD6D9@6 q6?5[ @C:8:?D @7 E96 rC66< (2C[ 244@F?ED @7 E96 A:G@E2= 32EE=6 2?5 :ED 27E6C>2E9]k^Am

kAmu@==@H:?8 E96 5@4F>6?E2CJ[ 8F6DED 42? H2=< E9C@F89 E96 >FD6F> 5:DA=2JD[ H96C6 2 =:76\D:K6 5:@C2>2 @7 2 #65 $E:4< H2CC:@C 2?5 2? p>6C:42? D@=5:6C 7246 @77 2E 2 C6A=:42 32CC:4256] x? 255:E:@?[ 9:DE@C:42= 2CE:724ED 2?5 D46?6D @7 52:=J =:76 :? 2 rC66< G:==286 96=A 4@??64E 8F6DED H:E9 E96 9:DE@CJ E96J 6IA6C:6?465 7C@> E96 7:=>] k^Am

kAmpD G:D:E@CD 3C@HD6 E96 5:DA=2J 42D6D 2?5 :?7@C>2E:@?2= A2?6=D[ E96J H:== 7:?5 2FE96?E:4 2CE:==6CJ 2?5 :E6>D 7@F?5 @? E96 32EE=67:6=5 2=@?8D:56 2 9:89=:89E @7 E96 4@==64E:@? – 2 C2C6 C:7=6 2H2C565 3J !C6D:56?E y2>6D |25:D@? E@ %96 (92=6 :? C64@8?:E:@? @7 9:D D6CG:46 5FC:?8 E96 32EE=6] %96 (92=6 H2D @?6 @7 E96 r96C@<66 H2CC:@CD E92E 2:565 y24<D@?’D >6? :? 32EE=6 2?5 =65 E96 C62C 2EE24< @? %@9@A6<2[ H9:49 H2D E96 rC66< G:==286 =@42E65 :? 9@CD6D9@6\D92A65 36?5 @7 E96 %2==2A@@D2 #:G6C E92E AC@G:565 E96 32EE=6 :ED ?2>6]k^Am

kAmk6>mtIA=@C6 E96 q2EE=6 $:E6Dk^6>mk^Am

kAmpE E96 962CE @7 E96 A2C< :D 2 b\>:=6[ @?6\H2J =@@A C@25 E92E 762EFC6D 7:G6 56D:8?2E65 DE@AD[ 6249 @?6 >2C<:?8 2 4C:E:42= >@>6?E @7 E96 `g`c 4@?7=:4E] u@C E9@D6 H9@ AC676C E@ DE2J :? E96:C G69:4=6[ E96 5C:G6 E2<6D 2AAC@I:>2E6=J `d >:?FE6D 7@C E96 7F== E@FC]k^Am

kAm%@ 7F==J 4@??64E H:E9 E96 :>>6CD:G6 6IA6C:6?46[ 8F6DED 2C6 6?4@FC2865 E@ DE6A @FE 2?5 H2=< FA E@ E96 9:DE@C:42= =@42E:@?D E96>D6=G6D] qJ 6IA=@C:?8 E96 :?7@C>2E:@?2= 5:DA=2JD @?D:E6 2?5 E2<:?8 :? E96 DH66A:?8 G:6HD @7 E96 =2?5D42A6D[ DF49 2D E96 32EE=67:6=5 2?5 G:==286 =@42E:@? 2=@?8 E96 %2==2A@@D2 #:G6C[ G:D:E@CD D9@F=5 A=2? 7@C 2 cd\>:?FE6 E@ @?6\9@FC 6IA6C:6?46] k^Am

kAmx? 255:E:@?[ E96 A2C< @776CD 2 46== A9@?6 E@FC] pE 6249 DE@A[ G:D:E@CD 42? 5:2= 2 565:42E65 ?F>36C E@ 962C 2 C64@C565 ?2CC2E:@? E92E 3C:?8D E96 32EE=6 E@ =:76 E9C@F89 2F5:@ DE@C:6D[ 4@>A=6E6 H:E9 6IA6CE :?D:89ED 2?5 9:DE@C:42= 4@?E6IE] k^Am

kAmk6>mq2EE=67:6=5 ~G6C=@@< !2G:=:@?k^6>mk^Am

kAm{@42E65 ?62C E96 ':D:E@C’D r6?E6C[ 8F6DED 2C6 6?4@FC2865 E@ 368:? E96:C E@FC 2E E9:D A2G:=:@?[ >2C<:?8 E96 86?6C2= =@42E:@? H96C6 y24<D@? 2?5 9:D >6? 7:CDE 42>6 @?E@ E96 32EE=67:6=5] %96 G:6H E@52J :D D:>:=2C E@ H92E y24<D@? H@F=5 92G6 D66? 2D E96 32EE=6 3682?] k^Am

kAmk6>m%@FC $E@A ` – %96 xD=2?5k^6>mk^Am

kAm%96 7:CDE DE@A @? E96 E@FC :D q62?’D xD=2?5[ H96C6 {:6FE6?2?E y6DD6 q62? 2?5 c_ >6? H6C6 DE2E:@?65 E@ AC6G6?E #65 $E:4< H2CC:@CD 7C@> 6D42A:?8 24C@DD E96 %2==2A@@D2 #:G6C] k^Am

kAmk6>m%@FC $E@A a – r96C@<66 rC@DD:?8k^6>mk^Am

kAm{65 3J %96 (92=6[ E9:D DE@A >2C<D E96 2C62 H96C6 y24<D@?’D r96C@<66 2?5 {@H6C rC66< 2==:6D DH2> E96 %2==2A@@D2 #:G6C 7@C 2 DFCAC:D6 C62C 2EE24< @? E96 %@9@A6<2 G:==286]k^Am

kAmk6>m%@FC $E@A b – %96 q2CC:4256k^6>mk^Am

kAmsFC:?8 E96 q2EE=6 @7 w@CD6D9@6 q6?5[ E96 #65 $E:4<D 4@?DECF4E65 2 c__\J2C5\=@?8 32CC:4256 >256 @7 =@8D 2?5 5:CE E92E DEC6E4965 24C@DD E96 ?64< @7 E96 A6?:?DF=2] xE H2D DEC2E68:42==J 56D:8?65 E@ DE2?5 36EH66? d E@ g 766E 9:89 2?5 762EFC65 5@F3=6 C@HD @7 A@CE9@=6D E92E 2==@H65 H2CC:@CD E@ 7:C6 2E 2EE24<6CD H9:=6 DE:== C6>2:?:?8 F?56C 4@G6C] %96 DECF4EFC6 C6>2:?65 DE2?5:?8 6G6? 2D D>2== 42??@?D H6C6 7:C65 2E :E 7@C EH@ 9@FCD[ 92G:?8 ?@ 67764E @? E96 E9:4< =@8D]k^Am

kAmy24<D@? H2D :>AC6DD65 3J E96 32CC:4256[ 56D4C:3:?8 :E 2D D@ D<:==7F==J 2CC2?865 E92E 2? 2C>J 4@F=5 ?@E 2AAC@249 H:E9@FE 36:?8 6IA@D65 E@ 4C@DD7:C6] xE 76== @?=J 27E6C y24<D@?’D r96C@<66 2?5 {@H6C rC66< 2==:6D DH2> 24C@DD E96 C:G6C 2?5 2EE24<65 E96 #65 $E:4< G:==286[ %@9@A6<2[ 7C@> E96 C62C[ 3FC?:?8 E96 G:==286 E@ E96 8C@F?5 2?5 4C62E:?8 2 5:G6CD:@? E92E F=E:>2E6=J =65 E@ E96 #65 $E:4<D’ 56762E]k^Am

kAm%@52J[ H9:E6 4@?4C6E6 A:==2CD =:?6 E96 7:6=5 E@ >2C< E96 6I24E =@42E:@? H96C6 E96 32CC:4256 @?46 DE@@5 – AC@G:5:?8 2 G:DF2= 8F:56 7@C 8F6DED G:D:E:?8 E96 32EE=67:6=5] k^Am

kAmk6>m%@FC $E@A c   %@9@A6<2 ':==286 ~G6C=@@< k^6>mk^Am

kAm(96C6 E96 D:E6 @7 E96 rC66< G:==286 @?46 DE@@5 367@C6 36:?8 3FC?65 5FC:?8 E96 32EE=6] k^Am

kAmk6>m%@FC $E@A d – }6HJ2F42F %@H? k^6>mk^Am

kAmk6>m2?5 E96 p7E6C>2E9k^6>mk^Am

kAm(9:=6 @G6C=@@<:?8 E96 32EE=67:6=5[ E9:D =@42E:@? 5:D4FDD6D E96 7:?2= DE286D @7 E96 32EE=6 2?5 :ED =2DE:?8 :>A24E]k^Am

kAmk6>m!C6D6CG:?8 E96 !2DEk^6>mk^Am

kAmx? a_ac[ w@CD6D9@6 q6?5 }2E:@?2= |:=:E2CJ !2C< F?56CH6?E 2 D6C:6D @7 C6?@G2E:@?D E@ E96 G:D:E@C 46?E6C 2?5 >FD6F>[ 56D:8?65 E@ 6=6G2E6 E96 A2C<’D DE@CJE6==:?8 2?5 2446DD:3:=:EJ] %96D6 FA52E6D :?EC@5F465 E96 aa\>:?FE6 =:G6\24E:@? 5@4F>6?E2CJ 7:=> 2?5 255:E:@?2= 6I9:3:ED[ EC24:?8 E96 9:DE@CJ @7 E96 |FD4@866 }2E:@? 7C@> E96:C 2?46DEC2= C@@ED E@ E96 `g`c 32EE=6]k^Am

kAmx? |2C49 a_ad[ E96 A2C< H2D 42F89E :? E96 5:C64E A2E9 @7 2 56G2DE2E:?8 tub E@C?25@[ H:E9 H:?5D @7 FA E@ `c_ >A9 E62C:?8 E9C@F89 2?5 56DEC@J:?8 >F49 @7 E96 9:DE@C:42= =2?5D42A6] k^Am

kAmu@C ?:?6 >@?E9D[ A@CE:@?D @7 E96 A2C< C6>2:?65 4=@D65 2D @77:4:2=D >6E:4F=@FD=J 4=62C65 E96 563C:D 7C@> >@C6 E92? b__ 72==6? EC66D E92E 3=@4<65 C@25D 2?5 H2=<:?8 EC2:=D] sFC:?8 E96 4=62?FA AC@46DD[ }2E:@?2= !2C< $6CG:46 2C4926@=@8:DED H6C6 3C@F89E :? E@ DFA6CG:D6 E96 563C:D C6>@G2=[ 6?DFC:?8 E92E E96 4=62C:?8 5:5 ?@E 5:DCFAE G:E2= 2CE:724ED @C 3FC:2= D:E6D]k^Am

kAm%@52J[ H9:=6 2 76H D64E:@?D @7 E96 ?2EFC6 EC2:= C6>2:? 4=@D65 7@C D276EJ[ E96 A2C< H6=4@>6D G:D:E@CD 324< E@ 6?;@J E96 A2C< 2D E96:C 7:?2= C6DE@C2E:@? 677@CED 2C6 F?56CH2J]k^Am

kAmk6>ma`aE9 p??:G6CD2CJ @7 E96k^6>mk^Am

kAmk6>mq2EE=6 @7 w@CD6D9@6 q6?5k^6>mk^Am

kAm%9:D DAC:?8[ w@CD6D9@6 q6?5 }2E:@?2= |:=:E2CJ !2C< 96=5 2 >@G:?8 E9C66\52J 4@>>6>@C2E:G6 6G6?E E@ 9@?@C E96 a`aE9 2??:G6CD2CJ @7 E96 32EE=6]k^Am

kAm%96 7:CDE EH@ 52JD H6C6 565:42E65 E@ 65F42E:@?[ H6=4@>:?8 >@C6 E92? d__ 49:=5C6? 7C@> D:I =@42= 6=6>6?E2CJ D49@@=D E@ 2EE6?5] $EF56?ED 6IA6C:6?465 9:DE@CJ 7:CDE92?5 E9C@F89 56>@?DEC2E:@?D @7 EC25:E:@?2= `hE9\46?EFCJ =:76[ 7C@> DA:??:?8 H@@= 2?5 |FD4@866 WrC66<X 7@@5 AC6A2C2E:@?D E@ >:=:E2CJ C66?24E@CD[ H9@ 5@??65 A6C:@5 F?:7@C>D 2?5 7:C65 3=24< A@H56C >FD<6ED] k^Am

kAmp 9:89=:89E @7 E96 AC@8C2> 762EFC65 y2<6 %:86C[ 2 >6>36C @7 E96 $6>:?@=6 2?5 |FD4@866 }2E:@?D[ H9@ A6C7@C>65 56>@?DEC2E:@?D :? EC25:E:@?2= $6>:?@=6 4=@E9:?8] $EF56?ED 2=D@ H2E4965 2 9:89\6?6C8J >2E49 @7 rC66< DE:4<32==[ E96 AC64FCD@C E@ E@52J’D =24C@DD6]k^Am

kAm%96 4@>>6>@C2E:@? 4@?4=F565 @? |2C49 ag[ 2D E96 A2C< @A6?65 E@ E96 AF3=:4 7@C 2 7:?2= 52J @7 C6>6>3C2?46] pE DF?D6E[ G:D:E@CD 82E96C65 2E %@FC $E@A a 7@C 2 >6>@C:2= :==F>:?2E:@?] %96 A2C< =:E >@C6 E92? g__ =F>:?2C:6D 24C@DD E96 32EE=67:6=5 – @?6 7@C 6G6CJ =:76 =@DE 5FC:?8 E96 4@?7=:4E – D6CG:?8 2D 2 8=@H:?8 2?5 962CE76=E C6>:?56C @7 E96 :>>6?D6 D24C:7:46 >256 @? E92E 9:DE@C:4 52J] k^Am

kAmk6>mx?7@C>2E:@? 7@C E9:D 2CE:4=6 H2D D@FC465 7C@> w@CD6D9@6 q6?5 }2E:@?2= |:=:E2CJ !2C< 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^?AD]8@G^9@36Qm?AD]8@G^9@36k^2m]k^6>mk^Am