Whole person mental health: How workplaces benefit from care that doesn’t separate mind and body
How important is the connection between mental health and physical health? The global actuarial firm Milliman conducted a groundbreaking study showing the massive impact of untreated behavioral health (BH) conditions on physical health (PH) and associated treatment costs.
kAm%96J 7@F?5 E92Eik^Am
kF=mk=:m%H6?EJ\D6G6? A6C46?E @7 A2E:6?ED H:E9 2 qw 4@?5:E:@? 2?5 2 !w 4@?5:E:@? 244@F?E65 7@C dfT @7 2== 962=E942C6 DA6?5:?8k^=:mk=:m%96 >2;@C:EJ @7 A2E:6?ED C646:G65 =:EE=6 E@ ?@ qw EC62E>6?E]k^=:mk=:m~?=J 2 D>2== A6C46?E286 Wc]cTX @7 962=E942C6 4@DED H6C6 2EEC:3FE65 E@ qw EC62E>6?E]k^=:mk=:m!6@A=6 H:E9 4@>@C3:5 !w 2?5 qw 4@?5:E:@?D 925 2 5:DAC@A@CE:@?2E6 2>@F?E @7 DA6?5:?8 @? A9JD:42= 962=E9 4@?5:E:@?D 2?5 2 5:DAC@A@CE:@?2E6=J =@H 2>@F?E @7 DA6?5:?8 @? qw EC62E>6?E]k^=:mk=:m|65:42= 4@DED 7@C EC62E:?8 A6@A=6 H:E9 4@>@C3:5 A9JD:42= 2?5 3692G:@C2= 962=E9 4@?5:E:@?D H6C6 EH@ E@ E9C66 E:>6D 9:896C @? 2G6C286 4@>A2C65 E@ A6@A=6 H:E9@FE 4@>@C3:5:E:6D]k^=:mk^F=m
kAm%96D6 DE2C< ?F>36CD 6I6>A=:7J E96 9:89 4@DED @7 EC62E:?8 >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= 962=E9 D6A2C2E6=J 2?5 E96 DECF88=6D A6@A=6 7246 H96? EC62E>6?E :D?’E 4@?D:56C65 9@=:DE:42==J]k^Am
kAm%92E’D E96 962CE @7 H9@=6 A6CD@? >6?E2= 962=E9—C64@8?:K:?8 E92E >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= 962=E9 2C6 566A=J 4@??64E65[ 2?5 EC62E:?8 E96> E92E H2J[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>Qm$AC:?8 w62=E9k^2m C6A@CED]k^Am
kAmx? 2? 6C2 H96C6 A9JD:42= 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>^8=@DD2CJ^4@>@C3:5:EJQm>6?E2= 962=E9 4@>@C3:5:E:6Dk^2m—EH@ @C >@C6 49C@?:4 4@?5:E:@?D @44FCC:?8 D:>F=E2?6@FD=J—k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A>4]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^2CE:4=6D^!|rc_dcdcc^RiOiE6IEl~G6CTa_E96Ta_A2DETa_EH@Ta_564256D[CF=6Ta_C2E96CTa_E92?Ta_2?Ta_6I46AE:@?]Qm92G6 C:D6? 5C2>2E:42==Jk^2m[ E96 EC25:E:@?2= 2AAC@249 @7 D6A2C2E:?8 >:?5 2?5 3@5J DFAA@CE :D?’E D6CG:?8 FD]k^Am
kAm%9:D 5:G:D:@? 364@>6D A2CE:4F=2C=J AC@3=6>2E:4 :? E96 H@C<A=246[ H96C6 H6 DA6?5 >@DE @7 @FC H2<:?8 9@FCD] (6 5@?’E 4964< 2?J A2CE @7 @FC 962=E9 2E E96 @77:46 5@@C]k^Am
kAmrFCC6?E=J[ >@DE 6>A=@J66D 6?8286 H:E9 >65:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 36?67:ED 2D D6A2C2E6 @776C:?8D[ H:E9 >:?:>2= :?E68C2E:@? 36EH66? E96 EH@] t>A=@J66 >6?E2= 962=E9 36?67:ED 2C6 @7E6? 2? 27E6CE9@F89E]k^Am
kAm%9:D 7C28>6?E65 2AAC@249 4@>AC@>:D6D 3@E9 :?5:G:5F2= H6==\36:?8 2?5 @C82?:K2E:@?2= DF446DD] u@CEF?2E6=J[ E96C6VD 2 36EE6C H2J 7@CH2C5—:?E68C2E65 >6?E2= 962=E9 D@=FE:@?D E92E 9@?@C E96 4@??64E:@? 36EH66? >:?5 2?5 3@5J]k^Am
k9bm(92E :D H9@=6 A6CD@? >6?E2= 962=E9nk^9bm
kAm(9@=6 A6CD@? >6?E2= 962=E9 :D 2? 2AAC@249 E@ 42C6 E92E EC62ED >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= 962=E9 2D :?D6A2C23=6—3642FD6 E96J 2C6] xE C64@8?:K6D E92E DEC6DD[ 2?I:6EJ[ 56AC6DD:@?[ D=66A[ 49C@?:4 A2:?[ :==?6DD[ 2?5 =:76DEJ=6 724E@CD :?7=F6?46 @?6 2?@E96C[ 2?5 :E DFAA@CED A6@A=6 H:E9 4@@C5:?2E65 42C6 E92E 255C6DD6D E96 7F== A:4EFC6i >:?5[ 3@5J[ 2?5 52:=J =:76] x? AC24E:46[ H9@=6 A6CD@? >6?E2= 962=E9 >62?D D4C66?:?8 7@C 3@E9 >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= ?665D[ 4@??64E:?8 >6>36CD E@ E96 C:89E =6G6= @7 DFAA@CE[ 2?5 2=:8?:?8 >6?E2= 962=E9 42C6 H:E9 >65:42= 42C6 D@ A6@A=6 5@?’E 92G6 E@ ?2G:82E6 7C28>6?E65 DJDE6>D @? E96:C @H?]k^Am
k9bm%96 :>A@CE2?46 @7 A9JD:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 4@??64E:@?Dk^9bm
kAmx7 J@F DE@A 2?5 E9:?< 23@FE :E[ E96 F?:EJ 36EH66? J@FC >:?5 2?5 3@5J :D @3G:@FD] *6E[ E9:D :D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE 7F?52>6?E2= 2?5 @G6C=@@<65 2DA64ED @7 9F>2? H6==36:?8]k^Am
kAm%9:D 4@??64E:@? 364@>6D A2CE:4F=2C=J D:8?:7:42?E :? H@C<A=246 6?G:C@?>6?ED[ H96C6 6>A=@J66D >FDE ?2G:82E6 AC@76DD:@?2= 56>2?5D[ A6CD@?2= 962=E9 492==6?86D[ 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 H9:=6 >2:?E2:?:?8 2 9:89 =6G6= @7 AC@5F4E:G:EJ 2?5 6?8286>6?E]k^Am
kAm!9JD:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 92G6 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^962=E9;@FC?2=:D>]@C8^8=@DD2CJ\E6C>D^3:5:C64E:@?2=^Qm3:5:C64E:@?2= C6=2E:@?D9:Ak^2m[ @C 7665324< =@@A[ H9:49 >2?:76DED :? ?F>6C@FD H2JD E92E 5:C64E=J :>A24E H@C<A=246 A6C7@C>2?46 2?5 H6==36:?8] w6C6 2C6 2 76H 6I2>A=6Dik^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^=:?<]DAC:?86C]4@>^2CE:4=6^`_]`__f^D`a`cc\_aa\_b_db\fQmr9C@?:4 A9JD:42= 4@?5:E:@?D 42? EC:886C @C 6I246C32E6k^2m ?682E:G6 >6?E2= 962=E9 DJ>AE@>Dk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]D4:6?4652:=J]4@>^C6=62D6D^a_ab^``^ab``_h`a`d_d]9E>Qm|6?E2= 962=E9 492==6?86D 42? >2<6 :E D:8?:7:42?E=J 92C56Ck^2m E@ >2:?E2:? A9JD:42= 962=E9 C@FE:?6D 2?5 >65:42= C68:>6?Dk^=:mk=:m(@C<A=246 DEC6DD 27764ED 3@E9 A9JD:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 D:>F=E2?6@FD=Jk^=:mk=:m#64@G6CJ 7C@> :==?6DD @C :?;FCJ :?G@=G6D 3@E9 A9JD:42= 2?5 6>@E:@?2= DFAA@CEk^=:mk^F=m
kAm(96? >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= 962=E9 4@?5:E:@?D @G6C=2A[ E96J 4@>A@F?5 6249 @E96CVD 67764ED] s6AC6DD:@? >2<6D >2?28:?8 5:236E6D >@C6 492==6?8:?8[ H9:=6 2?I:6EJ 42? H@CD6? 9JA6CE6?D:@? DJ>AE@>D] t249 4@?5:E:@? ?665D 9@=:DE:4 EC62E>6?E 7@C ECF6 962=:?8 E@ @44FC]k^Am
k9bmt>@E:@?2= 962=E9 2D E96 3C:586 36EH66? >:?5 2?5 3@5Jk^9bm
kAm%96 4@??64E:@?D 36EH66? A9JD:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9 2C6 ?F>6C@FD 2?5 >F=E:7246E65] ~?6 4=62C 3C:586 36EH66? E96 EH@ :?G@=G6D 6>@E:@?2= 962=E9] ~FC 6>@E:@?2= DE2E6D[ H96E96C DEC6DD65 @C 2?I:@FD[ 566A=J :>A24E @FC A9JD:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9]k^Am
kAm%9:?< 23@FE 9@H DEC6DD >2?:76DED :? E96 3@5Ji E6?D6 >FD4=6D[ 5:DCFAE65 D=66A[ 6=6G2E65 3=@@5 AC6DDFC6] %96D6 A9JD:42= C6DA@?D6D E96? 27764E @FC >6?E2= 4=2C:EJ[ >@@5[ 2?5 C6D:=:6?46]k^Am
kAm|62?H9:=6[ 6>@E:@?2= DEC2:? 42? >2<6 6I:DE:?8 962=E9 4@?5:E:@?D >@C6 492==6?8:?8 E@ >2?286] (96? H6VC6 2?I:@FD @C @G6CH96=>65[ H6 >:89E D<:A >65:42E:@? 5@D6D[ >:DD >65:42= 2AA@:?E>6?ED[ @C 232?5@? 962=E9J C@FE:?6D]k^Am
k9bm%96 4@DE @7 :8?@C:?8 4@>@C3:5:E:6Dk^9bm
kAmq69:?5 6G6CJ 962=E942C6 DE2E:DE:4 =:6D 2 9F>2? DE@CJ] (96? H6 :8?@C6 E96 4@??64E:@? 36EH66? A9JD:42= 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9[ A6@A=6 DF776C :? H2JD E92E C6G6C36C2E6 E9C@F89 E96:C 6?E:C6 =:G6D]k^Am
kAmr@?D:56C D@>6@?6 32EE=:?8 3@E9 42?46C 2?5 56AC6DD:@?] tG6? H:E9 6I46==6?E 42?46C EC62E>6?E[ F?EC62E65 56AC6DD:@? 42? 9:?56C C64@G6CJ[ 5C2:? E96 ;@J 7C@> C6=2E:@?D9:AD[ 2?5 6C@56 E96:C 42A24:EJ 7@C C6D:=:6?46] pE H@C<[ E96J >2J 7246 >@F?E:?8 492==6?86Di 6I92FDE:@?[ :D@=2E:@?[ DEC2:?65 C6=2E:@?D9:AD H:E9 4@==628F6D[ 2?5 5:>:?:D9:?8 23:=:EJ E@ >66E 52:=J 56>2?5D]k^Am
kAm%9:D 4C62E6D 2 56G2DE2E:?8 4J4=6] |6?E2= 962=E9 27764ED A9JD:42= C64@G6CJ[ H9:=6 A9JD:42= :==?6DD DEC2:?D 6>@E:@?2= H6==36:?8] %9:D 4J4=6 364@>6D :?4C62D:?8=J 5:77:4F=E E@ 3C62< H:E9@FE 9@=:DE:4 DFAA@CE E92E 255C6DD6D 3@E9 ?665D D:>F=E2?6@FD=J]k^Am
k9bmx?E68C2E65 >6?E2= 962=E9 36?67:EDi p D@=FE:@? 7@C 4@>@C3:5:E:6Dk^9bm
kAm(@C<A=246 >6?E2= 962=E9 D@=FE:@?D 2C6 6G@=G:?8 :? 2 A@D:E:G6 5:C64E:@?] %96 52JD @7 EC25:E:@?2= tp!D @776C:?8 2 4C:D:D 9@E=:?6 2D E96:C D@=6 2AAC@249 E@ DFAA@CE 2C6 4@>:?8 E@ 2 4=@D6 2D >2?J H@C<A=246 =6256CD C64@8?:K6 E96 :>A@CE2?46 @7 H6==36:?8]k^Am
kAmx?E68C2E65 42C6 >@56=D >@G6 36J@?5 32D:4 DFAA@CE E@ 4C62E6 ECF=J 4@==23@C2E:G6 6?G:C@?>6?ED E92E ?FCEFC6 H9@=6\A6CD@? 962=E9] p? 67764E:G6 AC@8C2> 3F:=5D @? 7@FC 6DD6?E:2= A:==2CDik^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m|F=E:5:D4:A=:?2CJ 4@==23@C2E:@?k^DEC@?8mi %9:D >62?D >@C6 E92? 92G:?8 2 G2C:6EJ @7 DA64:2=:DED 2G2:=23=6] w@=:DE:4 H6==36:?8 DFAA@CE 6?E2:=D 2 D62>=6DD ?6EH@C< @7 42C6] %96C2A:DED[ 5@4E@CD[ >65:42E:@? >2?286CD[ 4@2496D[ 2?5 42C6 ?2G:82E@CD D92C6 :?D:89ED[ 4@@C5:?2E6 EC62E>6?E 2AAC@2496D[ 2?5 AC@G:56 4@96D:G6 42C6[ DE66C:?8 2H2J 7C@> 7C28>6?E65 >@56=D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mr@>AC696?D:G6 D6CG:46Dk^DEC@?8mi |@G:?8 36J@?5 @?6\D:K6\7:ED\2== 42C6[ 4@>AC696?D:G6 D@=FE:@?D @776C >F=E:A=6 A2E9H2JD E@ H6==36:?8] %9:D :?4=F56D AC6G6?E:G6 42C6[ 49C@?:4 4@?5:E:@? >2?286>6?E[ DEC6DD C65F4E:@?[ D=66A DFAA@CE[ 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>^3=@8^255C6DD:?8\4@>A=6I\>6?E2=\962=E9\:DDF6D\:?\E96\H@C<A=246Qm4@>A=6I 42C6 7@C 24FE6 4@?5:E:@?Dk^2m] $FAA@CE 252AED E@ >66E 6>A=@J66D H96C6 E96J 2C6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m%649?@=@8J A=2E7@C>Dk^DEC@?8mi %96D6 @776C 62DJ 6?ECJ A@:?ED E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>^3=@8^9@H\2\4@?E:?FF>\@7\42C6\>2<6D\3692G:@C2=\962=E942C6\H@C<Qm4@?E:?FF>D @7 42C6k^2m[ C6A=24:?8 7C28>6?E65 EC62E>6?E DJDE6>D] %96J 2=D@ 6?23=6 AC@24E:G6 :?E6CG6?E:@?D E9C@F89 E96 FD6 @7 >62DFC6>6?E\32D65 42C6[ @?\56>2?5 5:8:E2= 962=E9 C6D@FC46D 2?5 3J 724:=:E2E:?8 4@?E:?F@FD 4@>>F?:42E:@? 36EH66? 42C6 AC@G:56CD] $F49 E@@=D 96=A :56?E:7J 6>6C8:?8 492==6?86D 367@C6 E96J 364@>6 4C:D6D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mtBF:EJ 2?5 2446DD:3:=:EJk^DEC@?8mi %CF6 2446DD:3:=:EJ >62?D E92E A6@A=6 2C6 23=6 E@ 86E 2? 2AA@:?E>6?E BF:4<=J] x? 2? 6C2 @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A6EC:67=@>]=2H]92CG2C5]65F^a_ac^``^`f^89@DE\?6EH@C<D\2?5\>6?E2=\962=E942C6^Qm89@DE ?6EH@C<Dk^2m 2?5 :?4C62D:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]CE:]@C8^?6HD^DEF5J\5:DA2C:E:6D\:?\?6EH@C<\2446DD\>6?E2=\962=E9\DF5\EC62E>6?EQm@FE\@7\?6EH@C< 42C6k^2m[ 6?DFC:?8 E92E A6@A=6 2C6 23=6 E@ D66 2 AC@G:56C H:E9:? 52JD[ ?@E >@?E9D[ :D <6J] p55C6DD:?8 E96 F?:BF6 ?665D @7 5:G6CD6 A@AF=2E:@?D — E9C@F89 4F=EFC2==J C6DA@?D:G6 42C6[ 2 C2?86 @7 AC@G:56C =2?8F286D[ 2?5 E96 23:=:EJ E@ D66 AC@G:56CD 5:8:E2==J — 2C6 2== 4@>A@?6?ED @7 ECF6 2446DD:3:=:EJ]k^Am
kAm(96? E96D6 6=6>6?ED 4@>6 E@86E96C 67764E:G6=J[ E96J 4C62E6 2 DFAA@CE DJDE6> E92E C64@8?:K6D 2 7F?52>6?E2= ECFE9i w62=E9 492==6?86D 5@?VE 6I:DE :? :D@=2E:@?] $F446DD 4@>6D 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>^3=@8^9@=:DE:4\962=E9\H@C<A=246\H6==\36:?8Qm255C6DD:?8 E96 H9@=6 A6CD@?k^2m E9C@F89 4@@C5:?2E65[ 4@>AC696?D:G6 DEC2E68:6D E92E 6G@=G6 H:E9 6>A=@J66 ?665D]k^Am
k9bm|6?E2= 962=E9 36?67:ED 2?5 :?E68C2E:@? 8@2=Dk^9bm
kAm|@G:?8 36J@?5 E96 3F:=5:?8 3=@4<D @7 :?E68C2E65 42C6[ 96C6 :D H92E DF446DD =@@<D =:<6 :? AC24E:46] (96? 4@?D:56C:?8 :?E68C2E65 >6?E2= 962=E9 AC@8C2>D[ DA64:7:4[ >62DFC23=6 :>AC@G6>6?ED :? :?5:G:5F2= 2?5 @C82?:K2E:@?2= 962=E9 @FE4@>6D 2C6 <6J]k^Am
kAmp H6==\56D:8?65 :?E68C2E65 AC@8C2> 7@4FD6D @? 7@FC <6J @3;64E:G6Dik^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mx>AC@G65 2446DDk^DEC@?8mi r=62C A2E9H2JD E@ 42C6 6=:>:?2E6 32CC:6CD 2?5 6?DFC6 DFAA@CE :D 2G2:=23=6 H96? 2?5 H96C6 6>A=@J66D ?665 :E E9C@F89 >F=E:A=6 492??6=D E92E >2E49 E96:C AC676C6?46D 2?5 D4965F=6D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mq6EE6C @FE4@>6Dk^DEC@?8mi w@=:DE:4 EC62E>6?E 255C6DD6D E96 7F== DA64ECF> @7 962=E9 ?665D[ =625:?8 E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>4<:?D6J]4@>^>9:^@FC\:?D:89ED^C67C2>:?8\6>A=@J66\962=E9\>@G:?8\36J@?5\3FC?@FE\E@\9@=:DE:4\962=E9n4:5l@E96C\6>=\Qm:>AC@G6>6?ED 24C@DD 2== 2DA64ED @7 H6==36:?8k^2m] %9:D 4@>AC696?D:G6 2AAC@249 C64@8?:K6D E92E >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= 962=E9 AC@8C6DD E@86E96C]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mr@DE 677:4:6?4Jk^DEC@?8mi $>2CE C6D@FC46 2==@42E:@? >62?D C65F4:?8 C65F?52?E D6CG:46D[ 7@4FD:?8 @? 62C=J :?E6CG6?E:@? H96? 42C6 :D =6DD 4@DE=J[ 2?5 4@@C5:?2E:?8 42C6 67764E:G6=J] %9:D 2==@HD @C82?:K2E:@?D E@ :?G6DE :? 4@>AC696?D:G6 DFAA@CE E92E 255C6DD6D C@@E 42FD6D C2E96C E92? ;FDE DJ>AE@>D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mt?8286>6?Ek^DEC@?8mi !C@8C2>D DF44665 H96? 6>A=@J66D 24E:G6=J A2CE:4:A2E6 :? E96:C 962=E9 ;@FC?6J] %9:D C6BF:C6D 4C62E:?8 A6CD@?2==J >62?:?87F= 4@??64E:@?D 2?5 :?5:G:5F2=:K65 2AAC@2496D E92E C6D@?2E6 H:E9 6249 A6CD@?VD F?:BF6 ?665D]k^Am
kAm%96D6 :?E6C4@??64E65 8@2=D 7@C> E96 7@F?52E:@? @7 AC@8C2>D E92E >2<6 2 C62= 5:776C6?46 :? 6>A=@J66 H6==36:?8 H9:=6 56=:G6C:?8 @C82?:K2E:@?2= G2=F6[ :?4=F5:?8 D:8?:7:42?E 4@DE D2G:?8D @? A9JD:42= 962=E9 DA6?5:?8]k^Am
k9bmp55C6DD:?8 4@>@C3:5:E:6D E9C@F89 >6?E2= 962=E9 36?67:EDk^9bm
kAmr@?DF=E2?ED 2?5 H@C<A=246 =6256CD 92G6 2 F?:BF6 @AA@CEF?:EJ E@ 3C:586 E96 2CE:7:4:2= 5:G:56 36EH66? >6?E2= 2?5 A9JD:42= 962=E9 :? H@C<A=246 H6==36:?8 AC@8C2>D]k^Am
kAmt>3C24:?8 :?E68C2E65 962=E9 2AAC@2496D H@F=5 96=A 6>A=@J66D 2G@:5 ?2G:82E:?8 7C28>6?E65 DJDE6>D @C 49@@D:?8 36EH66? 255C6DD:?8 E96:C A9JD:42= @C >6?E2= 962=E9 ?665D] x?DE625[ E96J 4@F=5 7:?5 4@>AC696?D:G6 DFAA@CE E92E C64@8?:K6D E96 >2?J :?EC:42E6 4@??64E:@?D 36EH66? >:?5 2?5 3@5J]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>^3=@8^H9@=6\A6CD@?\>6?E2=\962=E9\H@C<A=246D\>:?5\3@5JQmk6>m%9:D DE@CJk^6>mk^2m k6>mH2D AC@5F465 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DAC:?8962=E9]4@>Qmk6>m$AC:?8 w62=E9k^6>mk^2m k6>m2?5 C6G:6H65 2?5 5:DEC:3FE65 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^9F3D]=2^"_b<=8$#_Q C6=lQ?@7@==@HQmk6>m$E24<6Ck^6>mk^2m]k^Am