(MORGANTOWN, WV) Though researchers have been studying the animal deworming drug ivermectin for decades, there is no evidence that it’s a safe or effective way to treat cancer in people.
However, a June 2026 study put the topic back in the spotlight. After being downloaded more than 85,000 times before its official publication, the study gained traction on social media – particularly X – and within alternative health communities, where it was shared widely to bolster broader claims about repurposing antiparasitic drugs as cancer treatments. While traditional news outlets were covering renewed public interest in ivermectin for cancer following the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the conversation surrounding this particular new study unfolded outside of mainstream media coverage.
kAm$9@CE=J 27E6C E96 DEF5J H2D AF3=:D965[ D4:6?E:DED k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^=625DE@C:6D]4@>^9@2I\2=6CE^a_ae^_c^724E\4964<\AC6AC:?E\DEF5J\4=2:>:?8\gc\c\A6C46?E\4=:?:42=\36?67:E\:G6C>64E:?\>636?52K@=6\42?46C\EC62E>6?E\?@E\AC@A6C\4=:?:42=\EC:2=]9E>=QmC2:D65 D6C:@FD 4@?46C?Dk^2m 23@FE 9@H E96 DEF5J 2CC:G65 2E :ED 7:?5:?8D[ 4@?7=:4ED @7 :?E6C6DE 2?5 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H92E\:D\A66C\C6G:6H\E96\C@=6\2?@?J>@FD\6IA6CED\A=2J\:?\D4CFE:?:K:?8\C6D62C49\367@C6\:E\86ED\AF3=:D965\adgaddQmA66C\C6G:6H AC@46DDk^2m]k^Am
kAmu@C @?6[ E96 DEF5J 5:5 ?@E 92G6 2 4@>A2C:D@? 8C@FA E@ 56E6C>:?6 H96E96C A2E:6?ED E2<:?8 2 4@>3:?2E:@? @7 :G6C>64E:? 2?5 2?@E96C 2?E:A2C2D:E:4 ECF=J D2H :>AC@G6>6?ED 5F6 E@ E96D6 5CF8D @C E96 4@?G6?E:@?2= 42?46C E96C2A:6D E96J H6C6 2=D@ E2<:?8] |@C6@G6C[ E96 DEF5J C6=:65 @? A2E:6?ED’ @H? D6=7\C6A@CED C2E96C E92? >65:42= C64@C5 :?7@C>2E:@?] &?=:<6 >65:42= C64@C5D[ D6=7\C6A@CED 42??@E 36 :?56A6?56?E=J G6C:7:65 2?5 2C6 >@C6 DFD46AE:3=6 E@ 3:2D[ >2<:?8 E96> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]a`cf^y|sw]$`_cg_fQm=6DD C6=:23=6 2D D4:6?E:7:4 6G:56?46k^2m]k^Am
kAmp=E9@F89 E96 ;@FC?2= :DDF65 2? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]a`gfb^2?E:42?C6D]`gafeQmtIAC6DD:@? @7 r@?46C?k^2m D9@CE=J 27E6C AF3=:42E:@?[ E96 DEF5J 92D ?@E J6E 366? C6EC24E65]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fceaaa^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f_e\gd\:=6bdK];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQw2?5 9@=5:?8 EH@ A24<6ED @7 w62CE82C5Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fceaaa^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f_e\gd\:=6bdK];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?m~?6 FD6 @7 :G6C>64E:? :D E@ AC6G6?E 962CEH@C> 2?5 EC62E :?E6DE:?2= H@C>D :? 5@8D] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^?6HD\A9@E@^9F>2?\92?5\9@=5:?8\A24<286D\@7\962CE8F2C5\496HD\7@C\5@8D\?6HD\A9@E@^`bdedfeedfQm$>:E9 r@==64E:@?^v25@ G:2 v6EEJ x>286Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm%9:D 42D6 :==FDEC2E6D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7AF39]a_ab]`_fg``dQmC64FCC:?8 492==6?86k^2m :? 9@H D4:6?46 C62496D E96 AF3=:4] t2C=J 7:?5:?8D 42? DAC625 BF:4<=J E9C@F89 ?6HD 4@G6C286[ D@4:2= >65:2 2?5 @?=:?6 4@>>F?:E:6D[ H9:=6 E96 6G:56?46 ?66565 E@ 7F==J 6G2=F2E6 E96> 42? E2<6 >@?E9D @C J62CD E@ 56G6=@A] qJ E96 E:>6 255:E:@?2= 6G:56?46 6>6C86D[ >2?J A6@A=6 92G6 2=C625J D92C65 E96 @C:8:?2= C6A@CE @C >256 7:?2?4:2= 2?5 >65:42= 564:D:@?D 32D65 @? :E]k^Am
kAmpD 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5:C64E@CJ]9D4]HGF]65F^!C@7:=6^dbhchQm962=E9 4@>>F?:42E:@? C6D62C496Ck^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D49@=2C]8@@8=6]4@>^4:E2E:@?DnFD6Cl\tK\g:cppppyU2>Aj9=l6?U2>Aj@:l2@Qmx DEF5Jk^2m 9@H A6@A=6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]A64:??]a_ac]`__ahgQm:?E6CAC6E ?6H 42?46C :?7@C>2E:@?k^2m[ 9@H k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^42?46C\G244:?6D\4@F=5\EC2?D7@C>\EC62E>6?E\2?5\AC6G6?E:@?\3FE\>:D:?7@C>2E:@?\23@FE\>C?2\G244:?6D\E9C62E6?D\E96:C\A@E6?E:2=\afeg_hQm962=E9 >:D:?7@C>2E:@? DAC625Dk^2m 2?5 9@H 4@>>F?:42E:@? 42? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]4@?4E4]a_ae]`_`e`_QmDFAA@CE 8@@5 962=E9 3692G:@CDk^2m]k^Am
kAm%96 C6?6H65 2EE6?E:@? DFCC@F?5:?8 :G6C>64E:? 2?5 @E96C 2?E:A2C2D:E:4 5CF8D @776CD 2? @AA@CEF?:EJ E@ F?56CDE2?5 H9J D@>6 D4:6?E:7:4 7:?5:?8D 364@>6 :?7=F6?E:2= 367@C6 C6D62C496CD 7F==J F?56CDE2?5 H92E E96J >62?]k^Am
k9am(9J :G6C>64E:? <66AD C6EFC?:?8k^9am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^C6AFCA@D:?8\86?6C:4\5CF8D\42?\C65F46\E:>6\2?5\4@DE\E@\56G6=@A\?6H\EC62E>6?ED\3FE\=@H\AC@7:E23:=:EJ\C6>2:?D\2\32CC:6C\`fcgfcQm#6AFCA@D:?8 6I:DE:?8 >65:42E:@?Dk^2m 7@C ?6H E96C2A6FE:4 FD6D[ :?4=F5:?8 EC62E:?8 42?46C[ 92D 2 =@?8 9:DE@CJ]k^Am
kAmp>@?8 E96 5CF8D 2EEC24E:?8 8C@H:?8 2EE6?E:@? 7@C E96:C C6AFCA@D:?8 A@E6?E:2= 2C6 2?E:A2C2D:E:4 >65:42E:@?D DF49 2D :G6C>64E:?] %96 &]$] u@@5 2?5 sCF8 p5>:?:DEC2E:@? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]2D4@]@C8^?6HD\:?:E:2E:G6D^A@=:4J\?6HD\2?2=JD:D^@?4@=@8:DED\FC865\AC@24E:G6\2AAC@249\5:D4FDD:?8\:G6C>64E:?\76?36?52K@=6Qm92D ?@E 2AAC@G65k^2m E96 FD6 @7 E96D6 5CF8D 7@C 42?46C] p=E9@F89 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7@?4]a_a`]ef_g_cQm=23@C2E@CJ DEF5:6D @? 46== 4F=EFC6Dk^2m 92G6 D9@H? D@>6 2?E:42?46C 24E:G:EJ[ 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`a__^yr~]a_ad]cb]`e0DFAA=]6`b`ceQm62C=J 4=:?:42= EC:2=Dk^2m 2C6 F?56CH2J[ E96C6 :D ?@E 6?@F89 6G:56?46 E@ DFAA@CE E96:C FD6 :? 42?46C 42C6]k^Am
kAms6DA:E6 E96 =:>:E65 4=:?:42= 6G:56?46 DFAA@CE:?8 2?E:A2C2D:E:4 5CF8D 2D 42?46C EC62E>6?ED[ E96 D4:6?46 2?5 E96 AF3=:4 4@?G6CD2E:@? F?7@=565 G6CJ 5:776C6?E=J] !@AF=2C :?E6C6DE :? E96D6 5CF8D H2D 5C:G6? =6DD 3J 6>6C8:?8 C6D62C49 E92? 3J E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7@?4]a_aa]hca_cdQmDAC625 @7 4@>A6==:?8 A6CD@?2= DE@C:6Dk^2m] p?5 A@DD:3=J ?@?6 H6C6 >@C6 :?7=F6?E:2= E92? E92E @7 ~<=29@>2 3FD:?6DD>2? y@6 %:AA6?D]k^Am
kAmx? a_`g[ %:AA6?D DE2CE65 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_^4:>3cc`__bbgQm3=@8 56D4C:3:?8 9:D C64@G6CJk^2m 7C@> 25G2?465 =F?8 42?46C] w6 HC@E6 E92E H9:=6 C646:G:?8 :>>F?@E96C2AJ 2D A2CE @7 2 4=:?:42= EC:2=[ 96 925 2=D@ 368F? E2<:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]42?46C]@C8^42?46C^=2E6DE\?6HD^H92E\E@\<?@H\23@FE\76?36?52K@=6]9E>=Qm76?36?52K@=6k^2m[ 2 56H@C>:?8 >65:42E:@? :?E6?565 7@C 2?:>2=D] w:D 244@F?E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7@?4]a_aa]hca_cdQmDAC625 C2A:5=J @?=:?6k^2m[ EC2?D7@C>:?8 76?36?52K@=6 7C@> 2 =:EE=6\<?@H? G6E6C:?2CJ 5CF8 :?E@ @?6 @7 E96 >@DE\5:D4FDD65 6I2>A=6D @7 5CF8 C6AFCA@D:?8 :? 42?46C 4@>>F?:E:6D]k^Am
kAmqJ a_`h[ :?E6C6DE :? 76?36?52K@=6 925 4:C4F=2E65 :?E6C?2E:@?2==J] x? $@FE9 z@C62[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]<@C62E:>6D]4@]<C^D@FE9<@C62^962=E9^a_a_`_ad^4@>65:2?\FC86D\42?46C\A2E:6?ED\E@\DE@A\E2<:?8\5@8\H@C>\EC62E>6?EQmD:?86C z:> r9F=\>:? 2??@F?465k^2m E92E 96 H2D E2<:?8 76?36?52K@=6 7@C =F?8 42?46C 27E6C =62C?:?8 23@FE %:AA6?D’ DE@CJ] w:D 5:D4=@DFC6 7F6=65 :?E6?D6 AF3=:4 :?E6C6DE[ 4@?EC:3FE:?8 E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7@?4]a_aa]hca_cdQmD9@CE286D @7 76?36?52K@=6k^2m 2?5 AC@>AE:?8 962=E9 @77:4:2=D E@ H2C? 282:?DE :ED FD6 2D 2 42?46C EC62E>6?E]k^Am
kAm%96 A2?56>:4 5C2>2E:42==J 6IA2?565 E96 4@?G6CD2E:@? 23@FE C6AFCA@D:?8 2?E:A2C2D:E:4 >65:42E:@?D] xG6C>64E:? H2D H:56=J AC@>@E65 2D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:G6C>64E:?\:D\2\?@36=\AC:K6\H:??:?8\H@?56C\5CF8\3FE\?@E\7@C\4@G:5\`h\`egcchQmEC62E>6?E 7@C r~'xs\`hk^2m[ 3FE 3J a_aa[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_de^}ty|@2a``dgehQm=2C86[ C2?5@>:K65 4=:?:42= EC:2=Dk^2m 925 7@F?5 E92E E96 5CF8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:G6C>64E:?\H2D\E@FE65\2D\2\4FC6\7@C\4@G:5\?@H\:ED\36:?8\E6DE65\7@C\42?46C\3FE\H92E\42?\:E\24EF2==J\EC62E\afe`g_Qm72:=65 E@ AC@G:56 >62?:?87F= 36?67:EDk^2m 7@C A2E:6?ED] qJ E96?[ 9@H6G6C[ :E 925 364@>6 @?6 @7 E96 >@DE C64@8?:K23=6 >65:42E:@?D 2DD@4:2E65 H:E9 E96 A2?56>:4]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^?~b"Bqeze{_nH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CEl_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?m(:E9 E96 6?5@CD6>6?E @7 46=63C:E:6D 2?5 A@=:E:4:2?D[ D6==:?8 :G6C>64E:? 92D 364@>6 6DA64:2==J =F4C2E:G6]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm(96? E96 A2A6C 4=2:>:?8 :G6C>64E:? 4@F=5 EC62E 42?46C H2D AF3=:D965 :? yF?6 a_ae[ E96 56H@C>:?8 >65:42E:@? H2D 2=C625J 2 72>:=:2C 5CF8 27E6C J62CD @7 AF3=:4 2EE6?E:@? 5FC:?8 E96 A2?56>:4] x?E6C6DE :? :ED A@E6?E:2= FD6 282:?DE 42?46C 925 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]H2D9:?8E@?A@DE]4@>^962=E9^a_ad^`_^a`^:G6C>64E:?\;@6\C@82?\7=@C:52\42?46C^Qm2=D@ 366? 2>A=:7:65k^2m 3J 46=63C:EJ 6?5@CD6>6?ED[ A2E:6?E DE@C:6D[ A@542DED 2?5 @?=:?6 4@>>F?:E:6D]k^Am
kAmu:?2?4:2= :?46?E:G6D 2=D@ C6:?7@C465 4@?E:?F65 2EE6?E:@?] pD :?E6C6DE :? :G6C>64E:? 8C6H[ 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DE2E?6HD]4@>^a_ae^_e^`h^E6??6DD66\:G6C>64E:?\>2C<6E\9@H\E@\4C62E6\3@@>:?8\D2=6D\F?AC@G6?\5CF8^Qm>2C<6E 6>6C865k^2m 2C@F?5 AC@>@E:?8 2?5 D6==:?8 E96 5CF8 7@C F?AC@G6? FD6D] !9JD:4:2?D[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E:>6]4@>^e`_cc_f^C2G<@@\A92C>24J\:G6C>64E:?\4@G:5\`h\AAA\=@2?^QmA92C>24:6Dk^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]:529@DE2E6D>2?]4@>^?6HD^A@=:E:4D\8@G6C?>6?E^DE2E6\A@=:E:4D^2CE:4=6b_hgecfg_]9E>=QmA@=:E:4:2?Dk^2m[ :?7=F6?46CD 2?5 >65:2 A6CD@?2=:E:6D 925 64@?@>:4 :?46?E:G6D – :?4=F5:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>65:2>2EE6CD]@C8^4@C@?2G:CFD\4@G:5\`h^C:89E\H:?8\AF?5:ED\2C6\2AA2C6?E=J\42D9:?8\:G6C>64E:?\4C2K6\E96J\96=A65\4C62E6QmA2:5 A2CE?6CD9:ADk^2m @C D6==:?8 E96 5CF8 E9C@F89 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]:529@DE2E6D>2?]4@>^?6HD^A@=:E:4D\8@G6C?>6?E^DE2E6\A@=:E:4D^2CE:4=6b_hgecfg_]9E>=QmE96:C @H? 3FD:?6DD6Dk^2m – E@ <66A E96 4@?G6CD2E:@? 2C@F?5 :G6C>64E:? 2=:G6 6G6? 27E6C D4:6?E:7:4 6G:56?46 C6>2:?65 =:>:E65]k^Am
k9am~?=:?6 4@?G6CD2E:@?D 2?5 C62=\H@C=5 564:D:@?Dk^9am
kAm~?46 AF3=:D965[ D4:6?E:7:4 A2A6CD 2C6 @7E6? G:6H65 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]a`_d^py!w]a_a_]b_dh_dQmD92C65 @?=:?6k^2m[ H96C6 E96:C 7:?5:?8D 364@>6 :?E6CEH:?65 H:E9 9625=:?6D[ A6CD@?2= DE@C:6D 2?5 4@>>6?E2CJ]k^Am
kAm%9@D6 4@?G6CD2E:@?D 5@?’E D:>A=J C67=64E AF3=:4 :?E6C6DE] %96J 42? 2=D@ D92A6 :E]k^Am
kAmp7E6C y@6 #@82? 2?5 |6= v:3D@? 5:D4FDD65 :G6C>64E:? 2?5 76?36?52K@=6 2D A@E6?E:2= 42?46C EC62E>6?ED @? #@82?’D A@AF=2C A@542DE[ @?4@=@8:DED C6A@CE65 E92E A2E:6?E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]@?4@=@8J?6HD46?EC2=]4@>^@?4@=@8J^:?E6C6DE\:?\:G6C>64E:?\7@C\42?46C\92D\DAC625\=:<6\H:=57:C6\@?4@=@8:DED\D2JQm:?E6C6DE :? E96D6 5CF8D DAC625 “=:<6 H:=57:C6k^2m[” AC@>AE:?8 >@C6 A6@A=6 E@ 2D< 23@FE E96> 5FC:?8 4=:?:4 G:D:ED] #6D62C496CD =2E6C 5@4F>6?E65 E92E AC6D4C:AE:@?D 4@>3:?:?8 :G6C>64E:? 2?5 5CF8D D:>:=2C E@ 76?36?52K@=6 2>@?8 42?46C A2E:6?ED k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__`^;2>2?6EH@C<@A6?]a_ae]`efg_Qm>@C6 E92? 5@F3=65k^2m 7@==@H:?8 E96D6 46=63C:EJ 6?5@CD6>6?ED]k^Am
kAmx @3D6CG65 2 D:>:=2C A2EE6C? :? >J @H? H@C<] x FD6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]a`he^dc___QmD@4:2= =:DE6?:?8 >6E9@5Dk^2m E@ >@?:E@C 9@H 42?46C >:D:?7@C>2E:@? DAC625D @?=:?6 :? C62= E:>6] %9:D :?G@=G6D EC24<:?8 AF3=:4 4@?G6CD2E:@?D 24C@DD D@4:2= >65:2 A=2E7@C>D 2?5 :56?E:7J:?8 492?86D :? E96 G@=F>6 2?5 4@?E6?E @7 A@DED] (:E9:? H66<D @7 #@82?’D A@542DE[ @?=:?6 4@?G6CD2E:@?D 23@FE :G6C>64E:? 2?5 76?36?52K@=6 925 :?4C62D65 3J `hgT @G6C E96 4@FCD6 @7 2 >@?E9[ :==FDEC2E:?8 9@H BF:4<=J 9:89\AC@7:=6 5:D4FDD:@?D 42? 2EEC24E AF3=:4 2EE6?E:@?]k^Am
kAm{62C?:?8 9@H C6D62C49 EC2G6=D E9C@F89 E9@D6 4@?G6CD2E:@?D >2J 36 ;FDE 2D :>A@CE2?E 7@C AF3=:4 962=E9 2D F?56CDE2?5:?8 E96 DEF5J :ED6=7]k^Am
k9am$4:6?46 >@G6D >@C6 D=@H=J E92? D@4:2= >65:2k^9am
kAm%96 492==6?86 @7 6G2=F2E:?8 62C=J D4:6?E:7:4 7:?5:?8D :D?’E F?:BF6 E@ 2?E:A2C2D:E:4 5CF8D @C @?6 A2CE:4F=2C A2A6C @? :G6C>64E:? 2?5 42?46C]k^Am
kAm$4:6?46 2?5 D@4:2= >65:2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`bf`^;@FC?2=]A3:@]b___hdhQm@A6C2E6 @? G6CJ 5:776C6?E E:>6=:?6Dk^2m] p DEF5J 42? 36 AF3=:D965 2?5 D92C65 2C@F?5 E96 H@C=5 H:E9:? 9@FCD] s6E6C>:?:?8 9@H >F49 4@?7:56?46 E@ A=246 :? :ED 7:?5:?8D @7E6? E2<6D >@?E9D @C J62CD 2D C6D62C496CD 4@?5F4E 255:E:@?2= DEF5:6D[ 2EE6>AE E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2E:@?2=24256>:6D]@C8^AC@;64ED^sqp$$t\qqr$$\`f\_bQmC6A=:42E6 E96 C6DF=EDk^2m 2?5 E:6 E@86E96C >F=E:A=6 =:?6D @7 6G:56?46]k^Am
kAm#6D62C496CD 92G6 7@F?5 E92E 62C=J :?7@C>2E:@? 42? D92A6 H92E A6@A=6 36=:6G6 6G6? 27E6C :E 92D 366? 4@CC64E65 @C FA52E65] z?@H? 2D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^$__fh\fca`W_aXg___h\bQm4@?E:?F65 :?7=F6?46 67764Ek^2m[ E9:D A96?@>6?@? 96=AD 6IA=2:? H9J :?:E:2= C6A@CED @7E6? =62G6 2 =2DE:?8 :>AC6DD:@? 6G6? 2D ?6H 6G:56?46 4@>6D E@ =:89E]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fceaa`^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f_e\df\:_ac`D];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ!6CD@? =2J:?8 :? 365 =@@<:?8 2E H9:E6 8=@H @7 A9@?6 D4C66?Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fceaa`^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f_e\df\:_ac`D];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?mr2?46C A2E:6?ED 56DA6C2E6=J =@@<:?8 7@C 2 >:C24=6 >2J 36 A2CE:4F=2C=J GF=?6C23=6 E@ 962=E9 >:D:?7@C>2E:@?] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^A9@E@^:>286\@7\2\>2?\=@@<:?8\2E\9:D\D>2CEA9@?6\:?\365\2E\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:>286^aa`ggbhdedQm:63C6^:$E@4< G:2 v6EEJ x>286D !=FDk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmx? E96 42D6 @7 :G6C>64E:?[ 62C=J 4=2:>D 23@FE :ED 36?67:ED >2J 4@?E:?F6 E@ :?7=F6?46 A6@A=6’D 564:D:@?D 6G6? 27E6C =2C86C[ >@C6 C:8@C@FD DEF5:6D 72:= E@ DFAA@CE :?:E:2= 4=2:>D] $@>6 >2J 4@?E:?F6 FD:?8 E96 5CF8[ 56=2J @C 7@C8@ EC62E>6?ED AC@G6? E@ 36 67764E:G6[ @C C6>2:? 4@?G:?465 E92E E96 5CF8 :D 96=A7F= 56DA:E6 244F>F=2E:?8 6G:56?46 E@ E96 4@?EC2CJ]k^Am
kAm%96 724E E92E D4:6?E:7:4 F?56CDE2?5:?8 56G6=@AD @G6C E:>6 5@6D ?@E >62? A6@A=6 D9@F=5 :8?@C6 AC@>:D:?8 ?6H C6D62C49] tG6CJ >65:42= 25G2?46 368:?D H:E9 62C=J 7:?5:?8D E92E C6BF:C6 4@?7:C>2E:@? E9C@F89 255:E:@?2= C6D62C49] qFE 2 D:?8=6 DEF5J C2C6=J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^>65:42=\8F:56=:?6D\E92E\6>3C246\E96\9F>:=:EJ\@7\F?46CE2:?EJ\4@F=5\96=A\5@4E@CD\49@@D6\EC62E>6?ED\H:E9\>@C6\C6D62C49\6G:56?46\369:?5\E96>\`gbbagQm492?86D 4=:?:42= AC24E:46k^2m @? :ED @H?]k^Am
k9am(96? E96 ?6IE DEF5J 8@6D G:C2=k^9am
kAm%96 ?6IE AC@>:D:?8 DEF5J 23@FE 42?46C @C 2?@E96C 5:D62D6 :D 2=>@DE 46CE2:? E@ 2AA62C @? J@FC D@4:2= >65:2 7665 367@C6 =@?8] (96E96C E92E DEF5J :?G@=G6D :G6C>64E:? @C D@>6E9:?8 6=D6[ 2 76H AC:?4:A=6D 7@C :?E6CAC6E:?8 ?6H C6D62C49 42? 96=A J@F ?2G:82E6 D4:6?E:7:4 F?46CE2:?EJ]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8ms@?’E 4@?7FD6 AF3=:42E:@? H:E9 AC@@7k^DEC@?8m] p AF3=:D965 DEF5J @7E6? >2C<D E96 368:??:?8 @7 D4:6?E:7:4 5:D4FDD:@?[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__f^Dc__bf\_`e\_b_d\`Qm?@E E96 6?5 @7 :Ek^2m] r@?7:56?46 :? 7:?5:?8D 56G6=@AD @G6C E:>6 2D 6G:56?46 244F>F=2E6D 2?5 C6DF=ED 2C6 H6:8965 2=@?8D:56 2== 2G2:=23=6 C6D62C49] x7 J@F D66 D@>6E9:?8 56D4C:365 2D 2 3C62<E9C@F89[ 2D< J@FCD6=7 H96E96C :E C67=64ED 2 8C@H:?8 3@5J @7 C6D62C49 @C E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^2\DEF5J\D9@H65\:D?E\6?@F89\D4:6?E:7:4\<?@H=6586\3F:=5D\:?4C6>6?E2==J\2D\C6D62C496CD\:?G6DE:82E6\2?5\C6G:D:E\BF6DE:@?D\af`hahQmC6DF=ED @7 2 D:?8=6 DEF5Jk^2m]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m!2J 2EE6?E:@? E@ H92E 92AA6?D ?6IEk^DEC@?8m] $4:6?E:7:4 7:?5:?8D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``ae^D4:6?46]224cf`eQm4@?E:?F6 E@ 6G@=G6k^2m 27E6C AF3=:42E:@? E9C@F89 4C:E:BF6D 2?5 ?6H DEF5:6D E92E 4@?7:C>[ C67:?6 @C 492==6?86 E96 @C:8:?2= C6DF=ED] pE E:>6D[ 2 ;@FC?2=’D 65:E@C:2= 3@2C5 >2J :DDF6 4@CC64E:@?D @C C6EC24E:@?D E92E 2=D@ 4@?EC:3FE6 E@ E9:D AC@46DD] %9:D @?8@:?8 D4CFE:?J :D 2 DEC6?8E9 @7 D4:6?46[ ?@E 2 7=2H] x7 J@F D66 2 DEF5J E92E 4@F=5 :?7=F6?46 J@FC 962=E9 564:D:@?D[ 5@?’E DE@A E96C6] r964< H96E96C 255:E:@?2= DEF5:6D 92G6 366? AF3=:D965 @C H96E96C ECFDE65 >65:42= @C82?:K2E:@?D 92G6 FA52E65 E96:C C64@>>6?52E:@?D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m!FE ?6H 7:?5:?8D :?E@ 4@?E6IEk^DEC@?8m] q67@C6 >2<:?8 A6CD@?2= 962=E9 564:D:@?D[ 5:D4FDD AC@>:D:?8 C6D62C49 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__f^D``e_e\_`a\a_ff\eQmH:E9 2 ECFDE65 962=E942C6 AC@76DD:@?2=k^2m H9@ :D 72>:=:2C H:E9 E96 C6=6G2?E >65:42= 6G:56?46] %96J 42? 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 E96 DEF5J 32D65 @? J@FC @H? 962=E9 ?665D]k^Am
kAmp DEF5J 42? 8@ G:C2= :? 2 52J] v@@5 D4:6?46 E2<6D E:>6]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agebbfQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^52??6==\5\3@2E>2?\adhgccbnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agebbfQms2??6== s] q@2E>2?k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^H6DE\G:C8:?:2\F?:G6CD:EJ\`bfdnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agebbfQm(6DE ':C8:?:2 &?:G6CD:EJk^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:G6C>64E:?\:D\2\?@36=\AC:K6\H:??:?8\H@?56C\5CF8\3FE\?@E\7@C\4@G:5\`h\`egcchnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agebbfQmxG6C>64E:? :D 2 }@36= !C:K6‑H:??:?8 H@?56C 5CF8 – 3FE ?@E 7@C r~'xs‑`hk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^>:D:?7@C>2E:@?\:D\2\4@>>@?\E9C625\36EH66?\E96\4@G:5\`h\2?5\9:G\2:5D\A2?56>:4D\H:E9\5625=J\4@?D6BF6?46D\`gfhegnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agebbfQm|:D:?7@C>2E:@? :D 2 4@>>@? E9C625 36EH66? E96 r~'xs‑`h 2?5 wx'^pxs$ A2?56>:4D – H:E9 5625=J 4@?D6BF6?46Dk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:D\A@C?\24EF2==J\255:4E:G6\E96\D4:6?46\:D?E\DEC2:89E7@CH2C5\agc_gfnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agebbfQmxD A@C? 24EF2==J 255:4E:G6n %96 D4:6?46 :D?’E DEC2:89E7@CH2C5k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?ms2??6== s] q@2E>2? C646:G6D 7F?5:?8 7C@> |6C4<[ $92CA U2>Aj s@9>6 {{r[ E96 }2E:@?2= x?DE:EFE6D @7 w62=E9[ E96 }2E:@?2= x?DE:EFE6 @7 v6?6C2= |65:42= $4:6?46D 2?5 E96 r6?E6CD 7@C s:D62D6 r@?EC@= 2?5 !C6G6?E:@?]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^agebbf^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
