(AURORA, COLORADO) “It’s all in your head.”
By the time many people with functional neurological disorder arrive in our clinic, they have heard these five words more times than they can count. They are told their brain scan was normal. Their electroencephalogram, a test that measures the brain’s electrical activity, is reassuring. “The good news is you don’t have epilepsy,” they’re told.
kAm}@ E6DE 42? 6IA=2:? H9J E96J 42?’E H2=< H:E9@FE 72==:?8[ H9J E96:C =68 H@?’E DE@A EC6>3=:?8[ @C H9J E96J 6IA6C:6?46 D6:KFC6D E92E =62G6 E96> 6I92FDE65 7@C 9@FCD[ 6G6? 52JD] $@>6 368:? E@ H@?56C :7 E96J C62==J 2C6 :>28:?:?8 :E]k^Am
kAm~G6C E96 A2DE D6G6C2= J62CD H@C<:?8 2D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65D49@@=]4F2?D49FEK]65F^?6FC@=@8J^7?5^>66E\@FC\E62>QmAC@8C2> >2?286Ck^2m @7 @?6 @7 E96 76H >F=E:5:D4:A=:?2CJ 4=:?:4D 7@C 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C[ x 92G6 H2E4965 E96 D2>6 DE@CJ F?7@=5 282:? 2?5 282:?[ 7C@> =@?8 5:28?@DE:4 ;@FC?6JD 2?5 566A F?46CE2:?EJ E@ E96 AC@7@F?5 C6=:67 @7 7:?2==J 36:?8 36=:6G65] sC] {2FC2 $EC@>[ @?6 @7 E96 ?6FC@=@8:DED 2E E96 4=:?:4[ @7E6? C62DDFC6D A2E:6?ED[ “(6==[ :E’D 8@@5 E92E :E’D 2== :? J@FC 9625 – 3642FD6 E92E’D H96C6 J@FC 3C2:? :D]”k^Am
kAmu@C 564256D[ E9:D 82A 36EH66? ?@C>2= E6DE C6DF=ED 2?5 G6CJ C62=[ 563:=:E2E:?8 DJ>AE@>D 925 =67E A2E:6?ED H:E9 76H 2?DH6CD] %@52J[ ?6FC@D4:6?46 @776CD 2 5:776C6?E 6IA=2?2E:@?]k^Am
k9am&?56CDE2?5:?8 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56Ck^9am
kAmtG6CJ >@G6>6?E J@F >2<6[ 6G6CJ D6?D2E:@? J@F 766= 2?5 6G6CJ 6>@E:@? J@F 6IA6C:6?46 368:?D H:E9 J@FC 3C2:?] %96 BF6DE:@? H2D ?6G6C H96E96C E96 3C2:? H2D :?G@=G65 :? 4C62E:?8 E96 5:DEC6DD:?8 A9JD:42= DJ>AE@>D @7 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C[ 3FE 9@H]k^Am
kAmqC2:? :>28:?8 DEF5:6D DF886DE E92E E96 ?6EH@C<D C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C >@G6>6?E[ 2EE6?E:@?[ 6>@E:@?[ 3@5J 2H2C6?6DD 2?5 D6?D@CJ AC@46DD:?8 2C6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]?:4=]a_a`]`_aeabQm4@?DE2?E=J 4@>>F?:42E:?8 H:E9 @?6 2?@E96Ck^2m] #2E96C E92? 24E:?8 :?56A6?56?E=J[ E96D6 ?6EH@C<D H@C< E@86E96C E@ 4C62E6 E9@F89ED[ A6C46AE:@?D 2?5 24E:@?D]k^Am
kAmw@H E96D6 3C2:? ?6EH@C<D 4@>>F?:42E6[ 2?5 @442D:@?2==J >:D4@>>F?:42E6[ :D @?6 @7 E96 46?EC2= BF6DE:@?D C6D62C496CD 2C6 ECJ:?8 E@ 2?DH6C 23@FE 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C]k^Am
kAm~?6 @7 E96 =625:?8 E96@C:6D 96=A:?8 6IA=2:? E9:D 4@?5:E:@? :D <?@H? 2D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__f^fgdc0a_ac0cfbQmAC65:4E:G6 AC@46DD:?8k^2m] #2E96C E92? D:>A=J C624E:?8 E@ J@FC H@C=5[ E9:D E96@CJ DF886DED E92E E96 3C2:? :D 4@?DE2?E=J >2<:?8 AC65:4E:@?D] xE 4@>3:?6D A2DE 6IA6C:6?46D[ :?7@C>2E:@? 7C@> J@FC DFCC@F?5:?8D 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?E6C@46AE:@?\E96\D:IE9\D6?D6\H6\FD6\E@\C625\9:556?\D:8?2=D\7C@>\@FC\3@5J\A@542DE\aa_gebQmD:8?2=D 7C@> :?D:56 J@FC 3@5Jk^2m E@ 4C62E6 J@FC 6G6CJ52J 6IA6C:6?46D]k^Am
kAm%9:?< 23@FE H2=<:?8 FA 2 7=:89E @7 DE2:CD] *@F 5@?’E 4@?D4:@FD=J 42=4F=2E6 H96C6 E@ A=246 6G6CJ 7@@E @C H9:49 >FD4=6D E@ 4@?EC24E] *@FC 3C2:? 92D 2=C625J AC65:4E65 E96 >@G6>6?E 367@C6 J@F >2<6 :E] |@DE @7 E96 E:>6[ E96D6 AC65:4E:@?D 2C6 C6>2C<23=J 244FC2E6]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^Hb:;0{F#GzHnH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CEl_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?muF?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C >2J 2C:D6 7C@> 72F=EJ 4@>>F?:42E:@? 36EH66? ?6EH@C<D :? E96 3C2:?]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmpD ?6H :?7@C>2E:@? C62496D E96 3C2:?[ E96 3C2:? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9@H\5@6D\J@FC\3C2:?\564:56\36EH66?\E96\C@25\?@E\E2<6?\@C\E96\D2>6\@=5\C@FE6\C6D@=G:?8\4@?7=:4E:?8\>6>@C:6D\:D\<6J\E@\?2G:82E:@?\afhcbdQm4@>A2C6D :E H:E9 6I:DE:?8 6IA64E2E:@?Dk^2m @C AC65:4E:@?D – D92A65 3J 4FCC6?E 2?5 A2DE 6IA6C:6?46D – 2=@?8 H:E9 D:8?2=D 7C@> E96 3@5J] x7 E96 ?6H :?7@C>2E:@? :E C646:G6D 5@6D?’E >2E49 FA[ E96 3C2:? E96? FA52E6D :ED AC65:4E:@?D] $4:6?E:DED 42== E9:D >:D>2E49 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^3>;?@\a_ad\__`b_hQmAC65:4E:@? 6CC@Ck^2m] #6D62C496CD 36=:6G6 E96 5:DCFAE:@? @7 E9:D FA52E:?8 AC@46DD >2J 36 @?6 >6492?:D> 369:?5 E9:D ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C]k^Am
kAmp=E9@F89 E96C6 :D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`d_b^;A?]`f_`h_Qm?@ D:?8=6 42FD6 @7 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56Ck^2m[ 724E@CD DF49 2D :?;FCJ[ :==?6DD[ A2:? @C D:8?:7:42?E DEC6DD >2J >2<6 E96 3C2:? >@C6 =:<6=J E@ C6=J @? AC:@C AC65:4E:@?D :?DE625 @7 ?6H :?7@C>2E:@?] x7 E96 3C2:? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^3>;?@\a_ad\__`b_hQmA=246D E@@ >F49 H6:89Ek^2m @? AC:@C 6IA64E2E:@?D @C 46CE2:? 3@5:=J D:8?2=D[ :E 42? >2<6 25;FDE:?8 AC65:4E:@?D :? C6DA@?D6 E@ ?6H :?7@C>2E:@? >@C6 5:77:4F=E]k^Am
kAmu@C 6I2>A=6[ 27E6C 2? :?;FCJ 92D 962=65[ E96 3C2:? >2J 4@?E:?F6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^3>;?@\a_ad\__`b_hQmAC65:4E:?8 E92E 2 >@G6>6?E @C 24E:G:EJ :D F?D276k^2m] %9:D 4@F=5 4@?EC:3FE6 E@ A6CD:DE6?E H62<?6DD @C 5:77:4F=EJ H2=<:?8 56DA:E6 ?@ @?8@:?8 92C> E@ E96 3@5J] %96 C6DF=E :D DJ>AE@>D E92E 2C6 :?G@=F?E2CJ[ A9JD:42==J C62= 2?5 AC@7@F?5=J 5:D23=:?8[ 6G6? E9@F89 E96C6 :D ?@ 52>286 92AA6?:?8 E@ E96 3C2:? @C ?6CG@FD DJDE6>]k^Am
k9amw:DE@CJ @7 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56Ck^9am
kAm~FC 4FCC6?E F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C 2D 2 5:D4@??64E 36EH66? E96 3C2:? 2?5 3@5J >2C<D 2 5C2>2E:4 D9:7E 7C@> 9@H 5@4E@CD 2?5 C6D62C496CD 92G6 A6C46:G65 E96 3C2:? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]63C]a_a`]`__cghQm@G6C E96 A2DE 46?EFCJk^2m]k^Am
kAmpE 5:776C6?E A@:?ED :? 9:DE@CJ[ E9:D 4@?5:E:@? 92D 366? 42==65 9JDE6C:2 @C 4@?G6CD:@? 5:D@C56C] xE H2D 4@?46AEF2=:K65 2D “ADJ49@86?:4[” >62?:?8 DJ>AE@>D H6C6 E9@F89E E@ @C:8:?2E6 AC:>2C:=J 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]63C]a_a`]`__cghQmADJ49@=@8:42= 724E@CD C2E96C E92? 3:@=@8:42= 492?86Dk^2m :? E96 3C2:?] t249 ?2>6 C67=64E65 E96 36DE 6IA=2?2E:@? >65:4:?6 925 2E E96 E:>6 3FE 5:5 ?@E C6AC6D6?E H92E A6@A=6 H6C6 24EF2==J 6IA6C:6?4:?8]k^Am
kAm|2?J @7 E96 DJ>AE@>D ?@H C64@8?:K65 2D A2CE @7 E96 5:D@C56C H6C6 AC:>2C:=J 2EEC:3FE65 E@ E96 6>@E:@?2= 2?5 ADJ49@=@8:42= DE2E6 @7 H@>6? 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^;??A\a_aa\bb_`haQmDF3D6BF6?E=J 5:D>:DD65k^2m] %96D6 6IA=2?2E:@?D C67=64E 3C@256C 82AD 2?5 3:2D6D :? 9@H 5@4E@CD 2AAC@24965 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H96?\5@4E@CD\5@?E\36=:6G6\E96:C\A2E:6?ED\A2:?\6IA6CED\6IA=2:?\E96\2==\E@@\4@>>@?\6IA6C:6?46\@7\>65:42=\82D=:89E:?8\ad_ff_QmH@>6?’D 962=E9 4@?46C?D E9C@F89@FE 9:DE@CJk^2m[ 4@?EC:3FE:?8 E@ 564256D @7 DE:8>2 2?5 >:DF?56CDE2?5:?8 2C@F?5 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C 2?5 @E96C 4@?5:E:@?D]k^Am
kAmpD ?6FC@D4:6?46 25G2?465[ C6D62C496CD 3682? C64@8?:K:?8 E92E DJ>AE@>D 4@F=5 2C:D6 7C@> 492?86D :? 3C2:? 7F?4E:@? C2E96C E92? G:D:3=6 492?86D E@ E96 3C2:?[ DF49 2D :?;FCJ @C 23?@C>2=:E:6D D66? E9C@F89 3C2:? :>28:?8] %@52J’D >@56=D 7@4FD >@C6 @? 3C2:? ?6EH@C<D 2?5 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]86?9@DAADJ49]a_ab]_e]_``Qm5J?2>:4[ :?E6C4@??64E65 C6=2E:@?D9:Ak^2m 36EH66? E96 3C2:?[ 3@5J 2?5 6?G:C@?>6?E]k^Am
k9amw@H 4@>>@? :D 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56Cnk^9am
kAmuF?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C :D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^;??A\a_ac\bbcfefQm>@C6 4@>>@?k^2m E92? >2?J A6@A=6 >2J C62=:K6] p a_ad C6G:6H 6DE:>2E65 E92E FA E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^;??A\a_ac\bbcfefQmd >:==:@? p>6C:42?Dk^2m 2C6 =:G:?8 H:E9 E96 4@?5:E:@?[ 2?5 A6@A=6 24C@DD E96 =:76DA2? 6IA6C:6?46 DJ>AE@>D] #6D62C496CD 6DE:>2E6 E92E >@CE2=:EJ C2E6D 2>@?8 A2E:6?ED H:E9 E96 4@?5:E:@? 2C6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`a`a^4A;]__________a__aafQm>@C6 E92? EH:46k^2m E92E @7 E96 86?6C2= A@AF=2E:@?]k^Am
kAm*6E 56DA:E6 :ED AC6G2=6?46[ 2446DD E@ DA64:2=:K65 42C6 C6>2:?D =:>:E65] %96 4@?5:E:@? 6I:DED :? 2 EC62E>6?E 56D6CE[ =:<6=J 5F6 E@ 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`a`a^r!y]__________a__`fhQm>:D>2E49 :? DFAA=J 2?5 56>2?5k^2m 7@C DA64:2=:DED 2?5 =:>:E65 7F?5:?8] |2?J 962=E942C6 AC@76DD:@?2=D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]?6FC@E]a_ad]6__e`aQmC646:G6 =:EE=6 E@ ?@ 7@C>2= 65F42E:@?k^2m 23@FE 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C 5FC:?8 EC2:?:?8]k^Am
kAms6=2J65 5:28?@D:D :D @?=J @?6 4@?D6BF6?46 @7 >:DF?56CDE2?5:?8 E9:D 4@?5:E:@?] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_g_^_hebgagg]a_aa]a`ddf`cRQm!2E:6?ED 2C6 7C6BF6?E=J E@=5k^2m E96J 2C6 6I2886C2E:?8[ 72<:?8 DJ>AE@>D[ D66<:?8 2EE6?E:@? @C E92E 6G6CJE9:?8 :D “;FDE 2?I:6EJ]” %96D6 >:D4@?46AE:@?D ?@E @?=J A6CA6EF2E6 DE:8>2 2C@F?5 E96 4@?5:E:@?[ E96J 2=D@ 56=2J 2AAC@AC:2E6 EC62E>6?E 2?5 6IA@D6 A6@A=6 E@ F??646DD2CJ >65:42= :?E6CG6?E:@?D]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fdbf`d^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_g`a\d_\aE3BAf];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ!6CD@? EFC?65 2H2J 7C@> 2?@E96C A6CD@?[ 92?5 AC6DD65 E@ E96:C 7@C69625 H:E9 4=@D65 6J6DQ DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fdbf`d^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_g`a\d_\aE3BAf];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?m$J>AE@>D @7 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C 42? 36 563:=:E2E:?8] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^A9@E@^E9@F89E7F=\H@>2?\H:E9\6J6D\4=@D65\:?\?2EFC6\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:>286^a`ffdcfa`eQmr2>:=@ #@32J@^:$E@4< G:2 v6EEJ x>286D !=FDk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm!2E:6?ED @7E6? 364@>6 E96 32== :? 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]4AC]a_ac]`_ace_Qm82>6 @7 >65:42= A:?8\A@?8k^2m] !DJ49:2ECJ C676CD E96> E@ ?6FC@=@8J 3642FD6 E96 DJ>AE@>D 2AA62C ?6FC@=@8:42=] }6FC@=@8J C676CD E96> 324< E@ ADJ49:2ECJ 3642FD6 E96:C D42?D 2C6 ?@C>2=] x? E9:D 82>6[ E96 @?=J =@D6C :D E96 A2E:6?E]k^Am
kAm!6@A=6 H:E9 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C 6IA6C:6?46 5:DAC@A@CE:@?2E6=J 9:89 FD6 @7 962=E942C6 D6CG:46D[ 4J4=:?8 C6A62E65=J E9C@F89 6>6C86?4J 56A2CE>6?ED 2?5 DA64:2=EJ 4=:?:4D :? D62C49 @7 2?DH6CD 2?5 G2=:52E:@?] $@>6 C646:G6 >65:42E:@?D E96J 5@?’E ?665] ~E96CD F?56C8@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_hb^3C2:?^2H26agbQm:?G2D:G6 AC@465FC6Dk^2m 367@C6 C646:G:?8 E96 4@CC64E 5:28?@D:D]k^Am
kAm%C2F>2[ 2?I:6EJ[ 56AC6DD:@? 2?5 A@DE\EC2F>2E:4 DEC6DD 5:D@C56C 2C6 >@C6 4@>>@? 2>@?8 A6@A=6 H:E9 E96 5:D@C56C[ 3FE >2?J 56G6=@A :E H:E9@FE 2?J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`a`a^(}{]__________a_aaadQm9:DE@CJ @7 EC2F>2k^2m] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]86?9@DAADJ49]a_ab]_e]_``Qmq:@=@8:42=[ ADJ49@=@8:42= 2?5 D@4:2= 724E@CDk^2m 2== A=2J 2 C@=6[ 9:89=:89E:?8 9@H E96C6 :D ?@ D:?8=6 A2E9H2J E92E =625D E@ E96 4@?5:E:@?]k^Am
k9amuFEFC6 C6D62C49 2?5 EC62E>6?Ek^9am
kAm%96 DE@CJ @7 7F?4E:@?2= ?6FC@=@8:42= 5:D@C56C :D 368:??:?8 E@ EFC? 2 4@C?6C] }6H >F=E:5:D4:A=:?2CJ 4=:?:4D 2C6 @A6?:?8[ C6D62C49 :D 2446=6C2E:?8[ 2?5[ H:E9 E92E[ F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 E96 5:D@C56C 4@?E:?F6D E@ 8C@H]k^Am
kAm%96 EC62E>6?E =2?5D42A6 7@C E96 5:D@C56C :D 6G@=G:?8 E@ 96=A E96 3C2:? =62C? ?6H[ 962=E9:6C A2EE6C?D E@ AC@46DD E96 H@C=5] !DJ49@E96C2AJ[ A9JD:42= E96C2AJ[ @44FA2E:@?2= E96C2AJ 2?5 DA6649 E96C2AJ 6249 A=2J 2 C@=6 :? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_^:;6CA9a_`_dfhbQmC6EC2:?:?8 5:DCFAE65 3C2:? ?6EH@C<Dk^2m] #64@G6CJ =@@<D 5:776C6?E 7@C 6G6CJ@?6[ 3FE 8C@H:?8 6G:56?46 D9@HD E92E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]J6369]a_ae]````ecQm:>AC@G6>6?E :D A@DD:3=6k^2m]k^Am
kAm%96 >@DE :>A@CE2?E DE6A 7@CH2C5[ 9@H6G6C[ 92AA6?D 367@C6 2?J E96C2AJ 368:?Di H96? 2 962=E942C6 AC@G:56C 36=:6G6D E96:C A2E:6?E]k^Am
kAm|2J36 E96 >65:42= 4@>>F?:EJ 92D >:DF?56CDE@@5 H92E “xE’D 2== :? J@FC 9625” >62?D 2== 2=@?8] (9:=6 6G6CJ >@G6>6?E[ D6?D2E:@?[ 6>@E:@? 2?5 E9@F89E 368:?D H:E9 E96 3C2:?[ E92E 5@6D ?@E >2<6 E96D6 DJ>AE@>D :>28:?65] xE >2<6D E96> ?6FC@=@8:42=]k^Am
kAmu@C E96 >:==:@?D @7 A6@A=6 =:G:?8 H:E9 E96 5:D@C56C[ F?56CDE2?5:?8 >2J 36 E96 368:??:?8 @7 C64@G6CJ C2E96C E92? 2?@E96C 5625 6?5]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agg_cgQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^>24<6?K:\>@@C6\afbchd_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agg_cgQm|24<6?K: |@@C6k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^F?:G6CD:EJ\@7\4@=@C25@\2?D49FEK\cgbgnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agg_cgQm&?:G6CD:EJ @7 r@=@C25@ p?D49FEKk^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9@H\5@6D\J@FC\3C2:?\564:56\36EH66?\E96\C@25\?@E\E2<6?\@C\E96\D2>6\@=5\C@FE6\C6D@=G:?8\4@?7=:4E:?8\>6>@C:6D\:D\<6J\E@\?2G:82E:@?\afhcbdnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agg_cgQmw@H 5@6D J@FC 3C2:? 564:56 36EH66? E96 C@25 ?@E E2<6? @C E96 D2>6 @=5 C@FE6n #6D@=G:?8 4@?7=:4E:?8 >6>@C:6D :D <6J E@ ?2G:82E:@?k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^62E:?8\5:D@C56CD\2C6\E96\>@DE\=6E92=\>6?E2=\962=E9\4@?5:E:@?D\C64@??64E:?8\H:E9\:?E6C?2=\3@5J\D6?D2E:@?D\42?\96=A\C65F46\D6=7\92C>\a`g_fhnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agg_cgQmt2E:?8 5:D@C56CD 2C6 E96 >@DE =6E92= >6?E2= 962=E9 4@?5:E:@?D – C64@??64E:?8 H:E9 :?E6C?2= 3@5J D6?D2E:@?D 42? 96=A C65F46 D6=7‑92C>k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^56AC6DD:@?\C64@G6CJ\42?\36\92C5\E@\>62DFC6\?6H\C6D62C49\@?\566A\3C2:?\DE:>F=2E:@?\D9@HD\9@H\@3;64E:G6\3:@>2C<6CD\4@F=5\96=A\>2<6\EC62E>6?E\>@C6\AC64:D6\a`becfnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agg_cgQms6AC6DD:@? C64@G6CJ 42? 36 92C5 E@ >62DFC6 − ?6H C6D62C49 @? 566A 3C2:? DE:>F=2E:@? D9@HD 9@H @3;64E:G6 3:@>2C<6CD 4@F=5 96=A >2<6 EC62E>6?E >@C6 AC64:D6k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?m|24<6?K: |@@C6 :D 277:=:2E65 H:E9 E96 uF?4E:@?2= }6FC@=@8:42= s:D@C56CD $@4:6EJ 2?5 E96 p>6C:42? tA:=6ADJ $@4:6EJ] $96 D6CG6D 2D E96 !C@8C2> |2?286C 7@C E96 uF?4E:@?2= }6FC@=@8:42= s:D@C56CD !C@8C2> 2E E96 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 r@=@C25@]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^agg_cg^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
