(PITTSBURGH) The 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence happens to also coincide with the 200th birthday of composer Stephen Collins Foster.
A songwriter who achieved remarkable success in the late 1840s and 1850s with “Oh! Susanna,” “My Old Kentucky Home” and many others, Foster was born near Pittsburgh on July 4, 1826.
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQp A@CEC2:E @7 2 J@F?8 >2? H:E9 2 4@>3\@G6C[ AFCD:?8 9:D =:AD]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fccdh`^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_eae\eb\`96FI_];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk7:842AE:@?m$E6A96? u@DE6C] &?:G6CD:EJ @7 !:EED3FC89 {:3C2CJ $JDE6>[ k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^4C62E:G64@>>@?D]@C8^=:46?D6D^3J\D2^c]_^Qmrr q*\$pk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm%9@F89 96 5:65 56DE:EFE6 :? `gec[ 9:D >6>@CJ H2D C6G:G65 :? E96 `gh_D[ H96? 96 DE2CE65 G2C:@FD=J 36:?8 C676CC65 E@ 2D “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^3@@<D]8@@8=6]4@>^3@@<D^23@FE^$E6A96?0u@DE6C]9E>=n:5ly(&yp"ppxppyQmp>6C:42’D EC@F325@FCk^2m[” “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^3@@<D]8@@8=6]4@>^3@@<D^23@FE^$E6A96?0r@==:?D0u@DE6C]9E>=n:5l&~xFppppxppyQmp>6C:42’D 7@=<\D@?8 4@>A@D6Ck^2m” 2?5 E96 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^?2D9G:==6D@?8HC:E6CD7@F?52E:@?]4@>^$:E6^:?5F4E66n6?ECJ0:5lh_bQm72E96C @7 p>6C:42? >FD:4k^2m]”k^Am
kAm%@52J[ u@DE6C :D E96 @?=J D@?8HC:E6C @7 9:D 86?6C2E:@? H:E9 H:56 ?2>6 C64@8?:E:@?[ H9:49 @H6D 2D >F49 E@ 9:D >FD:4 2D E@ 9:D 3:CE952J]k^Am
kAm!6C92AD E96 AC:>2CJ 7@C46 369:?5 C6G:G:?8 9:D >6>@CJ H2D 9:D 3C@E96C |@CC:D@? u@DE6C[ H9@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5:8:E2=]=:3C2CJ]A:EE]65F^:D=2?5@C2^@3;64E^A:EETbpb`fbd_deah__hdRA286^`^>@56^aFA^D62C49^>@CC:D@?Z7@DE6CZ3:@8C2A9JZ2?5Z4@>A@D:E:@?DZ@7ZDE6A96?Z4]Z7@DE6CQmAF3=:D965 2 3:@8C2A9Jk^2m 23@FE 9:> :? `ghe] sC2H:?8 @? E96 567:?:?8 762EFC6 @7 9:D 3C@E96C’D D@?8D – E96:C =24< @7 DA64:7:4:EJ – 2D H6== 2D 9:D 3C@E96C’D 3:CE952J[ |@CC:D@? A@D:E:@?65 u@DE6C 2D E96 “7@F?5:?8 72E96C” @7 2 G28F6=J 4@?DECF65 3C2?5 @7 C24:2= 2?5 4F=EFC2= AC@8C6DD]k^Am
k9amp>3:8F:EJ 2D DEC2E68Jk^9am
kAmp <6J E@ F?56CDE2?5:?8 u@DE6C’D :?:E:2= A@AF=2C:EJ =:6D :? 9:D =JC:4D[ >2?J @7 H9:49 96 56=:36C2E6=J 4C27E65 E@ 36 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8=@32=]@FA]4@>^24256>:4^AC@5F4E^7@C>F=2E:?8\7@DE6C\hfg_`hfg``ehen=2?8l6?U2>Aj44lFDQm@A6? E@ >F=E:A=6 :?E6CAC6E2E:@?Dk^2m]k^Am
kAmx? E96 A=2:?E:G6 `gdc 32==25 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2>6C:42?>FD:4]=:3C2CJ]A:EE]65F^4@?E6?E^;62?:6\=:89E\3C@H?\92:CQmy62?:6 H:E9 E96 {:89E qC@H? w2:Ck^2m[” y62?:6 42? 36 F?56CDE@@5 2D 5625 @C D:>A=J 23D6?E] $:>:=2C=J[ u@DE6C’D “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2>6C:42?>FD:4]=:3C2CJ]A:EE]65F^4@?E6?E^92C5\E:>6D\4@>6\282:?\?@\>@C6Qmw2C5 %:>6D r@>6 p82:? }@ |@C6k^2m[” H9:49 96 2=D@ AF3=:D965 :? `gdc[ ?6G6C DA64:7:6D H92E <:?5 @7 92C5 E:>6D E96 D@?8 C676CD E@] xE 4@F=5 36 E96 A=:89E @7 E96 H@C<:?8 4=2DD[ 5:D62D6[ H2C[ 64@?@>:4 A2?:4 @C 2?JE9:?8 6=D6]k^Am
kAmu@DE6C 2?5 9:D 72>:=J H6C6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]dc_e^`hcdabch]c_]`]_`Qm?@CE96C? s6>@4C2EDk^2m] {:<6 >@DE s6>@4C2ED 2E E96 E:>6[ E96J H6C6 2=:8?65 H:E9 E96 $@FE9[ @AA@D65 E@ 23@=:E:@?[ 2?5 36=:6G65 E92E DE2E6D[ C2E96C E92? E96 7656C2= 8@G6C?>6?E[ D9@F=5 564:56 H96E96C E@ AC@9:3:E 492EE6= D=2G6CJ]k^Am
kAmqFE 7@C >@DE @7 9:D 42C66C[ H96? 96 HC@E6 D@?8D E92E E@F4965 @? E96D6 :DDF6D[ 96 49@D6 ?@E E@ AF3=:D9 E96 @G6CE=J A2CE:D2? @?6D[ :?DE625 D6=64E:?8 E9@D6 H:E9 @A6?\6?565 >6DD286D]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQ$966E >FD:4 4@G6C 762EFC:?8 E6IE UR_bhj~=5 q=24< y@6UR_bhj 2?5 2? :>286 @7 2? 6=56C=J q=24< >2? D:EE:?8 2 492:C C625:?8 E@ 2 H9:E6 8:C= <?66=:?8 3J 9:D D:56]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcchae^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_eah\f`\7f<?e7];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk7:842AE:@?m‘~=5 q=24< y@6[’ HC:EE6? :? `ge_[ H2D 2 4=2DD:4 u@DE6C 4@>A@D:E:@?i 2>3:8F@FD 6?@F89 :? :ED DE2?46 @? D=2G6CJ 7@C }@CE96C?6CD 2?5 $@FE96C?6CD E@ :?E6CAC6E :E E9C@F89 E96:C C6DA64E:G6 H@C=5G:6HD] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^?6HD\A9@E@^D966E\>FD:4\4@G6C\:>286\@7\E96\D@?8\@=5\3=24<\;@6\H:E9\?6HD\A9@E@^faf_fgcbhn25AA@AFAlECF6Qm$96C:52? {:3C2C:6D^{6GJ^v25@ G:2 v6EEJ x>286Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmx? @?6 @7 9:D 3:886DE 9:ED[ “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2>6C:42?>FD:4]=:3C2CJ]A:EE]65F^4@?E6?E^@=5\7@=<D\9@>6Qm~=5 u@=<D 2E w@>6k^2m[” AF3=:D965 :? `gd`[ 2 7@C>6C=J 6?D=2G65 >2? 7@?5=J C64@==64ED D46?6D 7C@> 9:D 49:=59@@5 2?5 D:?8D E92E 96 :D “DE:== =@?8:?8 7@C E96 @=5 A=2?E2E:@?]”k^Am
kAmu@DE6C HC@E6 E96 D@?8 :? A2CE k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^?>2294]D:]65F^6IA=@C6^DE@C:6D^3=24<7246\3:CE9\2>6C:42?\DE6C6@EJA6Qm7@C >:?DEC6=D H9@ H@C6 3=24<7246k^2m @? DE286 2?5 569F>2?:K65 q=24< A6@A=6 :? E96:C A6C7@C>2?46D] x? E96 564256 367@C6 E96 r:G:= (2C[ AC@D=2G6CJ AC@A282?52 H2D C:76 H:E9 72=D6 56A:4E:@?D @7 6>2?4:A2E65 A6@A=6 H9@ C68C6EE65 92G:?8 366? 7C665] x? E9:D 4@?E6IE[ >2?J AC@D=2G6CJ p>6C:42?D D2H E96 D@?8’D AC@E28@?:DE 2D =@?8:?8 ?@E ;FDE 7@C 3J8@?6 52JD 3FE 7@C 2 C6EFC? E@ D=2G6CJ]k^Am
kAmpE E96 D2>6 E:>6[ D@>6 23@=:E:@?:DED D2H “~=5 u@=<D” 2D 2 9F>2?:K:?8 A@CEC2:E @7 2 q=24< >2? :? 2? 286 H96? C24:DED C@FE:?6=J 56?:65 E96 9F>2?:EJ @7 q=24< A6@A=6] %96J 2=D@ 2AAC64:2E65 9@H :E 56A:4E65 E96 9@CC@CD @7 72>:=J D6A2C2E:@?]k^Am
kAmu@DE6C >@DE 4=62C=J 2CE:4F=2E65 9:D A6CD@?2= G:6HD :? 9:D F?AF3=:D965 42>A2:8? D@?8D] u@C 6I2>A=6[ 96 HC@E6 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2>6C:42?>FD:4]=:3C2CJ]A:EE]65F^4@?E6?E^H9:E6\9@FD6\492:CQm%96 (9:E6 w@FD6 r92:Ck^2m” 7@C A6C7@C>2?46D F?56C 9:D 5:C64E:@? :? !:EED3FC89 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2>6C:42?>FD:4]=:3C2CJ]A:EE]65F^:D=2?5@C2^@3;64E^A:EETbpb`fbd_eea_dhafRA286^`^>@56^aFAQm:? DFAA@CE @7 E96 AC6D:56?E:2= CF? @7 y2>6D qF492?2?k^2m[ 9:D D:DE6C’D 3C@E96C\:?\=2H] x? E96 D@?8[ u@DE6C @G6CE=J 5676?5D E96 $@FE9’D A=246 :? E96 F?:@?ik^Am
k5:G 4=2DDlQ9:89=:89EQmkAC6 4=2DDlQ9:89=:89E A=2:?E6IEQmk4@56m {6E 2== @FC 962CED 7@C F?:@? 36[
u@C E96 }@CE9 2?5 $@FE9 2C6 @?6j
%96JVG6 H@C<65 E@86E96C >2?7F==J[
p?5 E@86E96C E96J H:== DE:== H@C< @?]
k^4@56mk^AC6mk^5:Gm
kAm&D:?8 F?DF3E=6 C24:2= >6E2A9@CD[ 96 2=D@ ;FIE2A@D6D 9:D s6>@4C2E:4 A2CEJ H:E9 E96 #6AF3=:42?D[ H9@> 96 4=2:>D H6C6 :?7=F6?465 3J ?@?G@E:?8\ 2?5 ?@?@77:46\9@=5:?8 A6@A=6 @7 4@=@Cik^Am
k5:G 4=2DDlQ9:89=:89EQmkAC6 4=2DDlQ9:89=:89E A=2:?E6IEQmk4@56m (6V== 92G6 ?@ 52C< 56D:8?:?8 32?5
%@ CF=6 H:E9 D64C6E DH2Jj
(6V== 8:G6 E@ 2== 2 96=A:?8 92?5[
p?5 36 @A6? 2D E96 =:89E @7 52J]
k^4@56mk^AC6mk^5:Gm
kAmx? 4@?EC2DE E@ E96D6 A2CE:D2? 2?5 @G6CE=J C24:DE =JC:4D[ E96 2>3:8F:EJ :? 9:D 4@>>6C4:2= D@?8D H2D ?@E 2? 244:56?E 3FE 2 DEC2E68J] %96J H6C6 AF3=:D965 :? E96 }@CE9 2?5 $@FE9[ A6C7@C>65 :? C24:DE >:?DEC6= D9@HD 2?5 A@=:E6 A2C=@CD[ 2?5 DF?8 3J 23@=:E:@?:DED 2?5 5676?56CD @7 6?D=2G6>6?E 2=:<6]k^Am
kAmqJ D:56DE6AA:?8 E96 A2CE:D2? 7C2J :? 9:D 4@>>6C4:2= D@?8D[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8=@32=]@FA]4@>^24256>:4^AC@5F4E^7@C>F=2E:?8\7@DE6C\hfg_`hfg``ehen=2?8l6?U2>Aj44lFDQmu@DE6C H2D 23=6 E@ 249:6G6 H:56DAC625 A@AF=2C:EJk^2m] w:D 36DE D@?8D EC2?D46?565 D@4:2= 5:G:D:@?D 3J 6?23=:?8 =:DE6?6CD E@ 962C H92E6G6C DA64:7:4 A@=:E:42= @C ?@?A@=:E:42= >6DD286D E96J H2?E65]k^Am
kAmx? E96 J62CD 367@C6 9:D 562E9[ 9@H6G6C[ A@AF=2C E2DE6 A2DD65 9:> 3J] sFC:?8 E96 76G6C65 D64E:@?2=:D> @7 E96 r:G:= (2C 6C2[ 9:D @?46\D286 2>3:8F:EJ 3682? E@ 2AA62C H:D9J\H2D9J] w:D D@?8D AC@>@E:?8 ?2E:@?2= F?:EJ 72:=65 E@ 42E49 @?]k^Am
kAmw6 5:65 2=>@DE A6??:=6DD :? `gec] u@C 564256D[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8=@32=]@FA]4@>^24256>:4^AC@5F4E^7@C>F=2E:?8\7@DE6C\hfg_`hfg``ehen=2?8l6?U2>Aj44lFDQm9:D >FD:4 2?5 9:D ?2>6 72565 :?E@ @3D4FC:EJk^2m]k^Am
k9am|@CC:D@?’D 82>3:Ek^9am
kAmu@DE6C’D 3C@E96C |@CC:D@? 3682? H@C<:?8 E@ C6G:G6 E96 D@?8HC:E6C’D >6>@CJ 23@FE b_ J62CD 27E6C 9:D 562E9]k^Am
kAm|@CC:D@? H2D F?:BF6=J A@D:E:@?65 E@ 5@ E9:D] }@E @?=J 925 E96 3C@E96CD 366? G6CJ 4=@D6[ 3FE 96 925 2=D@ 364@>6 :?E:>2E6=J 72>:=:2C H:E9 u@DE6C’D 4@>>6C4:2= >FD:4[ 96=A:?8 9:> =62C? 9@H E@ C68:DE6C 4@>A@D:E:@?D 7@C 4@AJC:89E 2?5 ?68@E:2E6 AF3=:D9:?8 4@?EC24ED] |@CC:D@? 925 6G6? 96=A65 7:?2=:K6 E96 H@C5D E@ “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D:E6D]A:EE]65F^Tft2>6C:>FD^~=5u@=<D2Ew@>6]9E>=Qm~=5 u@=<D 2E w@>6k^2m]”k^Am
kAmqJ E96 `gh_D[ |@CC:D@? H2D 2=D@ 2? 6=56C !:EED3FC89 s6>@4C2E H:E9 ?2E:@?2= 4@??64E:@?D] w6 H@C<65 4=@D6=J H:E9 9:D 7C:6?5 %9@>2D z66?2? yC][ 65:E@C @7 E96 !:EED3FC89 !C6DD[ E@ C2:D6 7F?5D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_g_^`ceecedg]a_ab]ab_cce_Qm7@C 2 DE2EF6 @7 9:D 3C@E96Ck^2m :? E96:C ?2E:G6 4:EJ] %9C@F89@FE E96 7F?5C2:D:?8 677@CE[ z66?2? 96=A65 A=246 5@K6?D @7 2CE:4=6D 23@FE u@DE6C :? ?6HDA2A6CD 24C@DD E96 4@F?ECJ]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQq=24< 2?5 H9:E6 A9@E@ @7 2 DE2EF6 56A:4E:?8 2 H9:E6 >2? H62C:?8 2 DF:E H9:=6 2 q=24< >2? D:ED 3J 9:D D:56D H:E9 9:D =68D 4C@DD65[ A=2J:?8 2 32?;@]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fccdh_^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_eae\fe\C738dc];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk7:842AE:@?m|@CC:D@? u@DE6C 96=A65 C2:D6 7F?5D 7@C 2 DE2EF6 @7 9:D 3C@E96C EC2?D4C:3:?8 E96 >FD:4 @7 2 D9@6=6DD q=24< >2?] xE H2D C6>@G65 7C@> AF3=:4 G:6H :? a_`g 5F6 E@ :ED 4@?EC@G6CD:2= :>286CJ] &?:G6CD:EJ @7 !:EED3FC89 {:3C2CJ $JDE6>[ k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^4C62E:G64@>>@?D]@C8^=:46?D6D^3J\D2^c]_^Qmrr q*\$pk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmx? `ghe[ !:EED3FC89 s6>@4C2ED E2AA65 |@CC:D@? 2D E96:C 42?5:52E6 7@C 9:D 4@?8C6DD:@?2= 5:DEC:4E] #F??:?8 2D 2 s6>@4C2E :? 2 #6AF3=:42? 2C62[ |@CC:D@? 2:>65 E@ 46?E6C 9:D 42>A2:8? @? E96 E96>6 @7 F?:EJ] w6 5:5 E9:D[ :? A2CE[ 3J 92C?6DD:?8 E96 2>3:8F:EJ @7 9:D 3C@E96C’D D@?8D] xE’D ?@ 4@:?4:56?46 E92E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2C49:G6]@C8^56E2:=D^>J3C@E96CDE6A96?`hba7@DEQm9:D 3:@8C2A9J @7 9:D 3C@E96Ck^2m H2D AF3=:D965 ;FDE 52JD 367@C6 E96 2??@F?46>6?E @7 9:D 42?5:524J]k^Am
kAm#67=64E:?8 @? E96 D:8?:7:42?46 @7 E96 52J 9:D 3C@E96C H2D 3@C? – yF=J c[ `gae – |@CC:D@? HC@E6 :? E96 3:@8C2A9J E92E :E H2D “2 >6>@C23=6 52J 7@C D6G6C2= C62D@?D]” }@E @?=J 925 :?56A6?56?46 “C624965 :ED 92=7\46?EFCJ[” 3FE :E H2D 2=D@ E96 6I24E 52E6 “%9@>2D y6776CD@? 2?5 y@9? p52>D 5:65]”k^Am
kAm(:E9 DF49 4=6G6C C96E@C:4 – 2?5 z66?2?’D 2>A=:7:42E:@? @7 :E – |@CC:D@? 4@?G:?465 86?6C2E:@?D @7 p>6C:42?D E92E 9:D 3C@E96C H2D E96 “7@F?5:?8 72E96C” @7 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8=@32=]@FA]4@>^24256>:4^AC@5F4E^7@C>F=2E:?8\7@DE6C\hfg_`hfg``ehen=2?8l6?U2>Aj44lFDQm?6H 4F=EFC2= 492AE6C :? p>6C:42? =:76k^2m[ @?6 3F:=E @? E96 A@=:E:42= 82:?D @7 E96 AC6G:@FD 86?6C2E:@?]k^Am
kAmx? |@CC:D@?’D 7@C>F=2E:@?[ 9:D 3C@E96C “7@F?565 2 ?6H 6C2 :? >6=@5J 2?5 32==25” :? H9:49 “E96 8C@E6DBF6 2?5 4=@H?:D9 2DA64E @7 W>:?DEC6=X D@?8D H2D D@7E6?65[ 2?5 C:5:4F=6 3682? E@ >6C86 :?E@ DJ>A2E9J]” p44@C5:?8 E@ |@CC:D@?[ $E6A96? “@A6?65 E96 H2J E@ E96 962CED @7 E96 A6@A=6[ H9:49 =65 E@ 24EF2= :?E6C6DE :? E96 3=24< >2?]”k^Am
kAm$F49 A2DD286D A@CEC2J65 9:D 3C@E96C – 2?5 3J 2DD@4:2E:@?[ |@CC:D@? – 2D DJ>A2E96E:4 E@H2C5 q=24< A6@A=6] $FAA@CE6CD @7 C24:2= 6BF2=:EJ 2AAC64:2E65 E92E 2EE:EF56] qFE 6G6? H9:E6 DFAC6>24:DED k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HH?@CE@?]4@>^3@@<D^hfg`bac_a`dgaQm@7E6? 2C8F65k^2m E92E E96J DJ>A2E9:K65 H:E9 q=24< A6@A=6[ H9:=6 2=D@ >2:?E2:?:?8 E92E E96J H6C6 DFA6C:@C E@ E96>]k^Am
kAmyFDE 2D $E6A96? ?66565 2 G2C:6EJ @7 p>6C:42?D E@ 3FJ 9:D >FD:4[ |@CC:D@? ?66565 2 G2C:6EJ @7 p>6C:42?D E@ 42DE E96:C G@E6D 7@C 9:>] %96 G28F6 2?5 3C@25=J 2AA62=:?8 4@?46AE @7 “DJ>A2E9J E@H2C5 q=24< A6@A=6” >2I:>:K65 E96:C A@AF=2C:EJ 2>@?8 =2C86 DH2E9D @7 `gh_D p>6C:42]k^Am
k9amp 7@F?5:?8 >JE9[ ?@E 2 7@F?5:?8 72E96Ck^9am
kAm|@CC:D@? =@DE 9:D w@FD6 C246] qFE :? E96 AC@46DD[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8=@32=]@FA]4@>^24256>:4^AC@5F4E^7@C>F=2E:?8\7@DE6C\hfg_`hfg``ehen=2?8l6?U2>Aj44lFDQm96 96=A65 C642DE 9:D 3C@E96Ck^2m ?@E ;FDE 2D 2? 62C=J D@?8HC:E6C H9@ 92AA6?65 E@ 36 2? p>6C:42?[ 3FE 2=D@ 2D E96 7:CDE D@?8HC:E6C H9@ 492??6=65 2 F?:BF6=J p>6C:42? G@:46]k^Am
kAmuC@> E96 `gh_D @?[ 4@F?E=6DD p>6C:42?D H@F=5 D:?8 9:D 3C@E96C’D D@?8D 2E D49@@= 2?5 49FC49[ 2E AF3=:4 D:?82=@?8D[ 2C@F?5 E96 42>A7:C6 2?5[ @7 4@FCD6[ 2E u@FCE9 @7 yF=J 46=63C2E:@?D]k^Am
kAmu@DE6C :D >@C6 244FC2E6=J F?56CDE@@5 2D 2 4@?D6CG2E:G6 >2? 2?5 8:7E65 D@?8HC:E6C H9@D6 <?24< 7@C 2>3:8F:EJ C6DF=E65 :? D@?8D 3@E9 EC2?D46?56?E 2?5 4@?EC@G6CD:2=] w6 H2D 7@CEF?2E6 E@ 92G6 2 3C@E96C H9@ D9C6H5=J EC2?D7@C>65 E96 244:56?E @7 9:D 3:CE952J :?E@ 2 7@F?5:?8 >JE9]k^Am
kAmp?5 9:D =2E6\`hE9 46?EFCJ C6G:G2= D9@HD E92E E96 u@FCE9 @7 yF=J :D ?@E >6C6=J 2 C:EF2= 9@?@C:?8 2 7:I65[ ?2E:@?2= A2DE] xE :D 2? @?8@:?8 6I6C4:D6 :? D92A:?8 E96 ?2E:@?’D >62?:?8 :? E96 AC6D6?E]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agbcceQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^49C:DE@A96C\=J?49\aca_`dcnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agbcceQmr9C:DE@A96C {J?49k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^F?:G6CD:EJ\@7\A:EED3FC89\gdcnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agbcceQm&?:G6CD:EJ @7 !:EED3FC89k^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^E96\DE@CJ\@7\6=:K236E9\E2J=@C\8C66?7:6=5\2>6C:42D\7:CDE\3=24<\A@A\DE2C\f`_ecnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agbcceQm%96 DE@CJ @7 t=:K236E9 %2J=@C vC66?7:6=5[ p>6C:42’D 7:CDE 3=24< A@A DE2Ck^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^5FC:?8\G:6E?2>\H2C\>FD:4\DA@<6\E@\3@E9\D:56D\@7\2\5:G:565\?2E:@?\gbf_anFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agbcceQmsFC:?8 ':6E?2> (2C[ >FD:4 DA@<6 E@ 3@E9 D:56D @7 2 5:G:565 ?2E:@?k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^564256D\27E6C\3:==:6\9@=:52JD\562E9\DEC2?86\7CF:E\:D\DE:==\2\D62C:?8\E6DE2>6?E\E@\:?;FDE:46\2?5\@7\72:E97F=\D@=:52C:EJ\H:E9\DF776C:?8\a`hcebnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agbcceQms64256D 27E6C q:==:6 w@=:52J’D 562E9[ ‘$EC2?86 uCF:E’ :D DE:== 2 D62C:?8 E6DE2>6?E E@ :?;FDE:46 – 2?5 @7 72:E97F= D@=:52C:EJ H:E9 DF776C:?8k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?mr9C:DE@A96C {J?49 5@6D ?@E H@C< 7@C[ 4@?DF=E[ @H? D92C6D :? @C C646:G6 7F?5:?8 7C@> 2?J 4@>A2?J @C @C82?:K2E:@? E92E H@F=5 36?67:E 7C@> E9:D 2CE:4=6[ 2?5 92D 5:D4=@D65 ?@ C6=6G2?E 277:=:2E:@?D 36J@?5 E96:C 24256>:4 2AA@:?E>6?E]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^agbcce^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
