Building his cryptocurrency holdings over eight years and helping out defrauded traders, Singaporean investor Mark Koh had thought he was savvy enough to spot a scam. Until he fell prey to one.
Fraudsters wiped out his entire portfolio last year -- a total loss of around US$120,000 or US$130,000, Koh estimates -- leaving him with a sense of "profound shame".
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