When I first visited Cuba, the island was recovering from a severe economic crisis. It was 1996, and the collapse of the Soviet Union had ushered in a prolonged period of deprivation and hardship.
On my latest visit, in early June, I encountered yet another crisis, a slow-motion humanitarian disaster.
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