(LOWELL, MASS.) On a spring morning in 1914, miners in Ludlow, Colorado, were celebrating Greek Easter when the Colorado National Guard and a private security agency opened fire on their camp with a machine-gun-equipped armored car called the Death Special.
The miners waged a pitched battle with the National Guard for 10 days before President Woodrow Wilson ordered federal soldiers to intervene. An estimated 69 to 199 people were killed. It was the end of one of the most bitter and violent miner strikes in U.S. labor history, which had begun in September 1913. The strike and massacre prompted Congress to take a hard look at labor reform. But significant changes in labor relations and unionization didn’t come until the mid-1930s.
kAm$@>6 DE2E6 =23@C =2HD H6C6 @? E96 3@@<D[ 3FE :? `h`c E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^42E2=@8]92E9:ECFDE]@C8^#64@C5^_```dhe_gQm&]$] w@FD6 r@>>:EE66 @? |:?6D 2?5 |:?:?8 C6A@CE65k^2mi “r@=@C25@ 92D 8@@5 >:?:?8 =2HD 2?5 DF49 E92E @F89E E@ 277@C5 AC@E64E:@? E@ E96 >:?6CD 2D E@ D276EJ :? E96 >:?6 :7 E96J H6C6 6?7@C465[ J6E :? E9:D $E2E6 E96 A6C46?E286 @7 72E2=:E:6D :D =2C86C E92? 2?J @E96C[ D9@H:?8 E96C6 :D F?5@F3E65=J D@>6E9:?8 HC@?8 :? C676C6?46 E@ E96 >2?286>6?E @7 :ED 4@2= >:?6D]”k^Am
kAm~?46 E96 :?:E:2= D9@4< @7 E96 G:@=6?46 H@C6 @77[ E96 {F5=@H DEC:<6 C646:G65 =:EE=6 AF3=:4 2EE6?E:@? @FED:56 @7 E96 :>>65:2E6 72>:=:6D 27764E65 2?5 D@>6 r@=@C25@ C6D:56?ED F?E:= =2E6 :? E96 a_E9 46?EFCJ] x? “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]AC6DD]F:==:?@:D]65F^3@@<D^n:5led?7<g93hfg_ada_ccbhfQm(96C6 pC6 E96 (@C<6CDk^2m[” k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]9@7DEC2]65F^724F=EJ\AC@7:=6^n:5l`dafQm|2CJ p??6 %C2D4:2EE:k^2m[ 2 AC@76DD@C 2E w@7DEC2 &?:G6CD:EJ[ 2?5 x 65:E65 2 4@==64E:@? @7 6DD2JD HC:EE6? 3J =23@C 9:DE@C:2?D 2?5 2C49:G:DED E92E 6IA=@C6 ?2E:@?H:56 677@CED E@ 3C:?8 E96 9:DE@CJ @7 =23@C 2?5 H@C<:?8 A6@A=6 :?E@ >2:?DEC62> ?2CC2E:G6D @7 &]$] 9:DE@CJ]k^Am
kAm%96 {F5=@H |2DD24C6 :D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE 5C2>2E:4 2?5 5625=J @7 E9@D6 DE@C:6D] xE C:G2=D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?AD]8@G^2CE:4=6D^___^:?EC@5F4E:@?\E@\E96\H6DE\G:C8:?:2\>:?6\H2CD]9E>Qm(6DE ':C8:?:2 |:?6 (2CD @7 E96 `ha_Dk^2m]k^Am
k9am%96 {F5=@H |2DD24C6k^9am
kAmx? $6AE6>36C `h`b[ C@F89=J `_[___ >@DE=J :>>:8C2?E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^4@=@C25@6?4J4=@A65:2]@C8^2CE:4=6^4@=@C25@\7F6=\:C@?Qm>:?6CD H9@ H@C<65 7@C E96 r@=@C25@ uF6= U2>Aj xC@? r@]k^2m H6?E @? DEC:<6] %96 >:?6CD H6C6 C6AC6D6?E65 3J E96 &?:E65 |:?6 (@C<6CD @7 p>6C:42[ H9:49 DF3>:EE65 2 =:DE @7 56>2?5D H96? E96 DEC:<6 3682?[ :?4=F5:?8 :>A=6>6?E:?8 E96 6:89E\9@FC H@C<52J[ 36:?8 4@>A6?D2E65 7@C E96 E:>6 >:?6CD DA6?E :? E96 D927ED[ 2?5 E96 C:89E E@ D6=64E E96:C @H? 9@FD:?8 2?5 5@4E@CD]k^Am
kAm$:?46 ?2E:@?2= DEC:<6D H6C6 42==65 :? E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^6I9:3:E:@?D]=:3]F>5]65F^F?:@?D^=23@C^6:89E\9@FC\52JQm`gg_D 56>2?5:?8 E96 6:89E\9@FC 52Jk^2m[ E9:D 925 366? 2 8@2= 7@C H@C<6CD E9C@F89@FE E96 &]$] x? r@=@C25@[ G@E6CD 925 6?5@CD65 DF49 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^32==@EA65:2]@C8^r@=@C25@0t:89E\w@FC0(@C<52J0p>6?5>6?E0`h_aQm2? 2>6?5>6?E E@ E96 DE2E6 4@?DE:EFE:@? :? `h_ak^2m[ 3FE :E H2D ?@E F?:7@C>=J 6?7@C465]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^<vFp$vJxf$*nH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CEl_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?mp D@?8 3J (@@5J vFE9C:6 23@FE E96 {F5=@H DEC:<6 2?5 >2DD24C6 C64@C565 :? E96 `hc_D]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmr@2= >:?:?8 :? E96 62C=J `h__D H2D =23@C :?E6?D:G6 2?5 52?86C@FD] s62E9 C2E6D H6C6 9:89] (@C<6CD 925 ?@ D2J :? 9@H E96 >:?6D @A6C2E65] uC@> `ggc E@ `h`a[ >@C6 E92? `[f_g >6? 5:65 :? E96 DE2E6’D 4@2= >:?6D[ 2 C2E6 EH:46 E96 ?2E:@?2= 2G6C286] x? `h`_[ 6IA=@D:@?D 2E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]=686?5D@72>6C:42]4@>^=F5=@H\4@=@C25@^QmEH@ r@=@C25@ uF6= U2>Aj xC@? >:?6D <:==65 `b` A6@A=6k^2m] x? `h`a[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^9:DE@CJ]56?G6C=:3C2CJ]@C8^D:E6D^9:DE@CJ^7:=6D^r@=@C25@|:?:?8p44:56?ED]A57Qm`ad H@C<6CD =@DE E96:C =:G6Dk^2m :? >:?6 244:56?ED 24C@DD r@=@C25@] %92E J62C[ E96 2??F2= k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]9FA]92CG2C5]65F^3@@<D^hfg_efc_ceh`fQm562E9 C2E6 :? r@=@C25@’D >:?6Dk^2m H2D f]_e A6C `[___ 6>A=@J66D[ 4@>A2C65 E@ 2 ?2E:@?2= C2E6 @7 b]`d] tG6CJ EC:A 5@H? 2 D927E H2D 7C2F89E[ H:E9 H@C<6CD A2:5 @?=J 7@C E96 H6:89E @7 E96 4@2= E96J >:?65[ ?@E 7@C E96:C EC2G6= E:>6]k^Am
kAmy@9? s] #@4<676==6C[ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DE2E:DE2]4@>^DE2E:DE:4D^`bbgbcf^C@336C\32C@?D\E@E2=\H62=E9\8:=565\286^Qm?2E:@?’D H62=E9:6DE >2? 2E E96 E:>6 @7 E96 DEC:<6k^2m[ H2D E96 >2:? @H?6C @7 E96 7F6= 2?5 :C@? 4@>A2?J] (:E9 23@FE `_[___ H@C<6CD 2?5 ?62C=J f_[___ 24C6D @7 =2?5 F?56C 4@?EC@=[ r@=@C25@ uF6= 2?5 xC@? H2D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE A@H6C7F= >:?:?8 4@>A2?:6D @7 E92E 6C2]k^Am
kAmr@2= 4@>A2?:6D @7E6? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^69]?6E^6?4J4=@A65:2^E96\4@>A2?J\E@H?^Qm@H?65 6?E:C6 E@H?D[ :?4=F5:?8 >:?6CD’ 9@>6Dk^2m[ H9:49 H2D E96 42D6 :? {F5=@H] (@C<6C AC@E6DED @7E6? =65 E@ H:56DAC625 6G:4E:@?D] pD 2 C6DF=E @7 E96 {F5=@H DEC:<6[ `[a__ 4@2= >:?6CD 2?5 E96:C 72>:=:6D H6C6 6G:4E65 2?5 E@@< C67F86 :? E6?E 4@=@?:6D 2C@F?5 E96 >:?6D 5FC:?8 E96 H:?E6C @7 `h`b\`c]k^Am
kAmr@=@C25@ uF6= U2>Aj xC@? 9:C65 2?5 2C>65 b__ >6>36CD @7 2 AC:G2E6 D64FC:EJ 286?4J <?@H? 2D q2=5H:?\u6=ED H96? E96 DEC:<6 3682?] %96 286?4J H2D 7@F?565 :? E96 62C=J `gh_D 3J (:==:2> v:33@?J q2=5H:? 2?5 6>A=@J65 3J >:?:?8 4@>A2?:6D :? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]2363@@<D]4@>^hfg_heecbbe`e^%CF6\$E@CJ\q2=5H:?\u6=ED\s6E64E:G6\p86?4J\_heecbbe`_^A=AQm(6DE ':C8:?:2 2?5 r@=@C25@ E@ C6AC6DD DEC:<6Dk^2m] %96:C ;@3 H2D E@ <66A @C56C 2?5 – :7 A@DD:3=6 – 3C62< E96 H2=<@FE 2?5 C6@A6? E96 >:?6D]k^Am
kAm|6>36CD @7 E96 &?:E65 |:?6 (@C<6CD @7 p>6C:42 2C>65 E96>D6=G6D 2D 4@?7=:4ED H:E9 E96 >:?:?8 4@>A2?J’D AC:G2E6 D64FC:EJ 7@C46 :?E6?D:7:65]k^Am
kAmtG6?EF2==J[ E96 r@=@C25@ 8@G6C?@C[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2C49:G6D]4@=@C25@]8@G^4@==64E:@?D^8@G6C?@CDQmt=:2D |] p>>@?Dk^2m[ @C56C65 E96 r@=@C25@ }2E:@?2= vF2C5 E@ ;@:? E96 7C2J @? E96 4@CA@C2E:@?’D D:56[ H:E9 E96 #@4<676==6CD A2J:?8 E96:C H286D] %96 vF2C5 2CC6DE65 9F?5C65D @7 DEC:<6CD]k^Am
kAm%96?[ @? pAC:= a_[ `h`c[ E96 }2E:@?2= vF2C5 2?5 E96 AC:G2E6 4@>A2?J @A6?65 7:C6 @? E96 E6?E 4@=@?:6D H96C6 E96 >:?6CD =:G65] p7E6C D6G6C2= 9@FCD @7 8F?7:C6[ H:E9 >:?6CD 5676?5:?8 E96:C 42>A[ ad A6@A=6 H6C6 5625[ :?4=F5:?8 EH@ H@>6? 2?5 6=6G6? 49:=5C6? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3C:E2??:42]4@>^6G6?E^{F5=@H\|2DD24C6QmEC2AA65 H96? E96 42>A H2D :?E6?E:@?2==J D6E 23=2K6k^2m]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQp 3=24< 2?5 H9:E6 A9@E@8C2A9 @7 E6?ED H:E9 A:=6D @7 D?@H]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fb_gdc^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_c`h\f`\8b?I<3]A?8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]_U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>AjHlfc_U2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk7:842AE:@?mp A9@E@8C2A9 @7 E96 &?:E65 |:?6 (@C<6CD @7 p>6C:42 42>A 7@C 4@2= >:?6CD :? {2D p?:>2D r@F?EJ[ r@=@] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5:8:E2=]56?G6C=:3C2CJ]@C8^?@56D^G:6H^`_ceb_dQms6?G6C !F3=:4 {:3C2CJ[ $A64:2= r@==64E:@?Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm|@?E9D 62C=:6C[ >:?6CD 925 5F8 7@I9@=6D F?56C E6?ED D@ H@>6? 2?5 49:=5C6? 4@F=5 2G@:5 3F==6ED C2?5@>=J 7:C65 E9C@F89 E96 42>AD] (96? E96 2C>@C65 G69:4=6 @A6?65 7:C6[ 6G6CJ@?6 :? E96 42>AD 5F4<65 :?E@ E96 9@=6D] {2E6C[ H@>6? 2?5 49:=5C6? H6C6 7@F?5 3J >:?6CD 9F55=65 E@86E96C 2E E96 3@EE@>D @7 E96:C 3FC?65\@FE E6?ED]k^Am
kAm|2?J >:?6CD’ 72>:=J >6>36CD H6C6 D2G65 H96? E96 6?8:?66C @? 2 A2DD:?8 EC2:? H:E?6DD65 H92E H2D 92AA6?:?8 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^F>H2]@C8^?6HD\>65:2^?6HD^``_E9\=F5=@H\>6>@C:2=\D6CG:46\96=5\2E\D:E6\@7\>2DD24C6^QmDE@AA65 @? E96 EC24< E@ D9:6=5 E96>k^2m 7C@> E96 8F?7:C6]k^Am
kAm%9:D G:@=6?46 =65 E@ `_ >@C6 52JD @7 4@?7=:4E 367@C6 !C6D:56?E (:=D@? 7:?2==J @C56C65 7656C2= EC@@AD E@ 5:D2C> 3@E9 D:56D]k^Am
k9amr92?86D E@ =23@C =2Hk^9am
kAmx? r@?8C6DD[ E96 w@FD6 r@>>:EE66 @? |:?6D 2?5 |:?:?8 4@?5F4E65 2? :?G6DE:82E:@? :?E@ E96 6G6?ED 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2C49:G6]@C8^56E2:=D^C6A@CE@?4@=@C25__F?:EQmC6=62D65 2 C6A@CE :? `h`dk^2m] y@9? s] #@4<676==6C yC] H2D DF>>@?65 367@C6 E96 4@>>:EE66[ H96C6 96 H2D BF6DE:@?65 7@C D6G6C2= 9@FCD @? |2J a_[ `h`c] %96C6[ 96 25>:EE65 E92E 96 925 ?@E G:D:E65 E96 D:E6 D:?46 E96 :?4:56?ED E92E =65 E@ E96 562E9D @7 H@C<6CD 2?5 E96:C 72>:=:6D]k^Am
kAmp44@C5:?8 E@ 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^9:DE@CJ>2EE6CD]8>F]65F^5^dfbd^Qm}6H *@C< %:>6Dk^2m C6A@CE[ H96? 2D<65 H96E96C 96 <?6H E92E E9@FD2?5D @7 9:D 6>A=@J66D 925 366? 6G:4E65 7C@> E96:C 9@>6D 2?5 H6C6 =:G:?8 :? E6?E 4@=@?:6D[ 2?5 E92E E96 DEC:<:?8 H@C<6CD 2?5 E96:C 72>:=:6D H6C6 DF776C:?8 H:E9@FE H@C< @C 7@@5[ #@4<676==6C C6A=:65 E92E 96 4@F=5 ?@E D2J[ 3FE E92E 4@>A2?J @77:4:2=D 4@F=5 AC@G:56 E96 724ED] }@?6 H6C6 7@CE94@>:?8]k^Am
kAmp 7656C2= r@>>:DD:@? @? x?5FDEC:2= #6=2E:@?D 2=D@ 96=5 962C:?8D[ 56E6C>:?65 E@ BF6== E96 FADFC86 :? 62C=J a_E9\46?EFCJ =23@C G:@=6?46]k^Am
kAmx? `h`a[ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E2J=@C7C2?4:D]4@>^3@@<D^>@?@^`_]cbac^hfg`b`dab_geb^8C62E\=2HC6?46\E6IE:=6\DEC:<6\`h`a\C@36CE\7@CC2?E\;FC8\D:686?E92=6C\492C=6D\=6G6?DE6:?\;@9?\H@@5:?8Qm:>>:8C2?E\ 2?5 H@>6?\=65 qC625 2?5 #@D6D DEC:<6 :? {2HC6?46[ |2DD249FD6EEDk^2m[ 2=D@ =65 E@ 2 4@?8C6DD:@?2= :?G6DE:82E:@?] x? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^3@@<D]8@@8=6]4@>^3@@<Dn:5lI}p@pppp*ppyQm:ED C6A@CE @? E96 `h`c >:?6CD’ DEC:<6k^2m[ E96 4@>>:DD:@? 56D4C:365 E96 DEC:<6 3J H@C<6CD 2D “282:?DE 2C3:EC2CJ A@H6C]” xE DF>>2C:K65 E92E >:?6CD “A2DD:@?2E6=J 76=E” E92E E96J H6C6 56?:65 “2 G@:46 :? 7:I:?8 H@C<:?8 4@?5:E:@?D :? E96 >:?6D” 2?5 E92E A@=:E:42= 56>@4C24J 925 366? “C6AF5:2E65 3J E96 @H?6CD]”k^Am
kAm%96 4@>>:DD:@? 56E6C>:?65 E92E E96 DEC:<6 C2:D65 2 7F?52>6?E2= BF6DE:@? 23@FE H96E96C H@C<6CD 925 2 C:89E E@ 2 G@:46 2E H@C<] %9:D BF6DE:@? H@F=5 2?:>2E6 =23@C DECF88=6D :?E@ E96 `hb_D]k^Am
kAmx? `hbd[ r@?8C6DD A2DD65 2?5 !C6D:56?E uC2?<=:? #@@D6G6=E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?=C3]8@G^8F:52?46^<6J\C676C6?46\>2E6C:2=D^?2E:@?2=\=23@C\C6=2E:@?D\24EQmD:8?65 :?E@ =2H E96 }2E:@?2= {23@C #6=2E:@?D p4Ek^2m[ H9:49 AC@G:565 7656C2= 8F:56=:?6D 7@C =23@C F?:@? 7@C>2E:@? 2?5 DE2E65 E92E H@C<6CD 925 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]2C49:G6D]8@G^>:=6DE@?6\5@4F>6?ED^?2E:@?2=\=23@C\C6=2E:@?D\24EQm7656C2= C:89E E@ 32C82:? @G6C H286Dk^2m[ 9@FCD 2?5 4@?5:E:@?D @7 6>A=@J>6?E[ E96 G6CJ E9:?8D r@=@C25@ 4@2= >:?6CD D@F89E H96? E96J H6?E @? DEC:<6 :? `h`b]k^Am
k9amr@>>6>@C2E:?8 E96 {F5=@H DEC:<6 2?5 >2DD24C6k^9am
kAmx? `h`d[ @77:46CD @7 E96 &?:E65 |:?6 (@C<6CD @7 p>6C:42 AFC492D65 c_ 24C6D @7 =2?5 ?@CE9 @7 E96 {F5=@H[ r@=@C25@[ EC2:? 56A@E[ @? E96 D:E6 H96C6 E96 E6?E 4@=@?J 925 D96=E6C65 4@2= >:?6CD 2?5 E96:C 72>:=:6D 5FC:?8 E96 `h`b\`c DEC:<6]k^Am
kAm%9C66 J62CD =2E6C[ &?:E65 |:?6 (@C<6CD @77:4:2=D 565:42E65 2 8C2?:E6 >@?F>6?E 2E E96 D:E6 H96C6 E96 H@>6? 2?5 49:=5C6? H6C6 <:==65] {23@C 9:DE@C:2? y2>6D vC66? ?@E65 E92E @7 2== E96 G:@=6?46 282:?DE H@C<6CD 2E E96 E:>6[ ?@?6 D9@4<65 E96 ?2E:@? @C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];DE@C]@C8^DE23=6^c_ecgd_gQmEC@F3=65 :ED 4@==64E:G6 4@?D4:6?46 >@C6k^2m E92? E96 {F5=@H >2DD24C6 3642FD6 @7 E96 562E9D @7 49:=5C6?] w@H6G6C[ 6G6? :?4:56?ED =:<6 E96 {F5=@H |2DD24C6 5:5 ?@E 364@>6 2 D:8?:7:42?E A2CE @7 E96 AF3=:4 5:D4@FCD6] %9:D 92D 492?865 D@>6 :? E96 C646?E A2DE]k^Am
kAm%@52J[ E96 E6?E 4@=@?J D:E6 :D 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]9:DE@CJ4@=@C25@]@C8^=@42E:@?^=F5=@H\E6?E\4@=@?J\D:E6Qm}2E:@?2= w:DE@C:4 {2?5>2C<k^2m]k^Am
kAm%96 =23@C >@G6>6?E :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D C6>2:?D 2 3F=H2C< @7 56>@4C24J[ 2?5 H@C<6CD 92G6 @7E6? 366? 2 5C:G:?8 7@C46 7@C D@4:2= 2?5 64@?@>:4 6BF2=:EJ :? E96:C 4@>>F?:E:6D] *6E :ED DE@C:6D 2C6 ?@E H:56=J <?@H?[ 6G6? @?6 D@ 5C2>2E:4 2D E9:D 32EE=6 :? E96 r@=@C25@ 4@2=7:6=5D]k^Am
kAm%96 C64@8?:E:@? @7 E96 {F5=@H D:E6 2D 2 }2E:@?2= w:DE@C:4 {2?5>2C< 2?5 E96 C646?E C6=62D6 @7 2 {:3C2CJ @7 r@?8C6DD C6D62C49 8F:56 AC@A6= E96 9:DE@CJ @7 =23@C 2?5 H@C<:?8 A6@A=6 :?E@ E96 >2:?DEC62>] $F49 A=246\32D65 =23@C 9:DE@CJ AC@>@E6D @FC F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 9@H 2?5 H9J E9:?8D H6 D@>6E:>6D E2<6 7@C 8C2?E65 – DF49 2D E96 6:89E\9@FC H@C<52J[ A2:5 9@=:52JD @C H@C<A=246 D276EJ =2HD – 42>6 23@FE @?=J 3642FD6 A6@A=6 H6C6 H:==:?8 E@ C:D< E96:C =:G6D 7:89E:?8 7@C E96D6 C:89ED]k^Am
kAmk6>m#625 >@C6 @7 @FC DE@C:6D 23@FE k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FD^3@F=56C\4@=@C25@\?6HDQmr@=@C25@k^2m]k^6>mk^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afgeaeQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^C@36CE\7@CC2?E\bcebb`nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afgeaeQm#@36CE u@CC2?Ek^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^F>2DD\=@H6==\`dbcnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afgeaeQm&|2DD {@H6==k^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9@H\E96\?2E:@?2=\8F2C5\3642>6\E96\8@\E@\>:=:E2CJ\7@C46\7@C\C:@ED\2?5\4:G:=\5:DEFC32?46D\`dbhf`nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afgeaeQmw@H E96 }2E:@?2= vF2C5 3642>6 E96 8@‑E@ >:=:E2CJ 7@C46 7@C C:@ED 2?5 4:G:= 5:DEFC32?46Dk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H@C<6C\DEC:<6D\2?5\F?:@?\6=64E:@?D\DFC865\:?\a_aa\4@F=5\:E\>2C<\2\EFC?:?8\A@:?E\7@C\@C82?:K65\=23@C\`hdhhdnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afgeaeQm(@C<6C DEC:<6D 2?5 F?:@? 6=64E:@?D DFC865 :? a_aa – 4@F=5 :E >2C< 2 EFC?:?8 A@:?E 7@C @C82?:K65 =23@Cnk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^d\F?DF?8\7:=>D\E92E\5C2>2E:K6\2>6C:42D\C:49\=23@C\9:DE@CJ\`ggccanFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afgeaeQmd F?DF?8 7:=>D E92E 5C2>2E:K6 p>6C:42’D C:49 =23@C 9:DE@CJk^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?m#@36CE u@CC2?E 5@6D ?@E H@C< 7@C[ 4@?DF=E[ @H? D92C6D :? @C C646:G6 7F?5:?8 7C@> 2?J 4@>A2?J @C @C82?:K2E:@? E92E H@F=5 36?67:E 7C@> E9:D 2CE:4=6[ 2?5 92D 5:D4=@D65 ?@ C6=6G2?E 277:=:2E:@?D 36J@?5 E96:C 24256>:4 2AA@:?E>6?E]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^afgeae^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
