(WORCESTER, MASS.) Vaccines have been reliably and affordably protecting people from diseases worldwide for centuries. Until the COVID-19 pandemic, however, vaccine development was still a long and idiosyncratic process. Traditionally, researchers had to tailor manufacturing processes and facilities for each vaccine candidate, and the scientific knowledge gained from one vaccine was often not directly transferable to another.
But the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines brought a new approach to vaccine development. And on Aug. 5, 2026, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved another mRNA vaccine – a seasonal flu vaccine for adults age 50 or older – that offers more protection against influenza compared to standard vaccines. These advances demonstrate the momentum of mRNA technology, and they have far-reaching implications for how researchers make drugs to treat many other diseases.
kAmp=E9@F89 E96C6 2C6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4FDE@>:K:?8\>C?2\:D\62DJ\2?5\E92ED\H92E\>2<6D\:E\E96\?6IE\7C@?E:6C\7@C\A6CD@?2=:K65\>65:4:?6\2\>@=64F=2C\3:@=@8:DE\6IA=2:?D\a`e`afQm>2?J A@DD:3:=:E:6Dk^2m 7@C H92E C6D62C496CD 42? FD6 >#}p E@ EC62E[ D@>6 :>A@CE2?E =:>:E2E:@?D C6>2:?] |J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D49@=2C]8@@8=6]4@>^4:E2E:@?DnFD6ClrchJf*"ppppyU2>Aj9=l6?QmH@C< 2D 2 3:@496>:DEk^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]F>2DD>65]65F^{:{23^Qm>J =23k^2m 2E &|2DD r92? |65:42= $49@@= 7@4FD @? 56G6=@A:?8 36EE6C H2JD E@ FD6 >#}p 2D 2 5CF8] q6EE6C F?56CDE2?5:?8 9@H >#}p\32D65 5CF8D :?E6C24E H:E9 E96 :>>F?6 DJDE6> 2?5 9@H E96J 2C6 568C2565 :? 9F>2? 46==D 42? 96=A =625 E@ D276[ 5FC23=6 2?5 67764E:G6 EC62E>6?ED 7@C 2 H:56 C2?86 @7 5:D62D6D]k^Am
k9am$@>6 32D:4D @7 >#}p 5CF8Dk^9am
kAm|6DD6?86C #}p[ @C >#}p[ :D >256 @7 7@FC 3F:=5:?8 3=@4<D 56?@E65 3J E96 =6EE6CD p[ r[ v 2?5 &] %96 D6BF6?46 @7 =6EE6CD :? 2? >#}p >@=64F=6 4@?G6JD 86?6E:4 :?7@C>2E:@? E92E 5:C64ED 9@H 2 AC@E6:? :D >256]k^Am
kAmp? >#}p 5CF8 4@>AC:D6D EH@ 6DD6?E:2= 4@>A@?6?EDi >#}p >@=64F=6D[ H9:49 4@56 7@C 56D:C65 AC@E6:?D[ 2?5 E96 =:A:5 >@=64F=6D – DF49 2D A9@DA9@=:A:5D 2?5 49@=6DE6C@= – E92E 6?42ADF=2E6 E96>] %96D6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;];4@?C6=]a_`d]_g]__fQm>#}p\=:A:5 ?2?@A2CE:4=6D[ @C {}!Dk^2m[ 2C6 E:?J DA96C6D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]J>E96]a_`f]_b]_`bQm23@FE `__ ?2?@>6E6CD :? 5:2>6E6Ck^2m E92E AC@E64E >#}p 7C@> 568C252E:@? 2?5 724:=:E2E6 :ED 56=:G6CJ :?E@ E2C86E 46==D]k^Am
kAm~?46 :?D:56 46==D[ >#}p >@=64F=6D :?DECF4E E96 46==’D >249:?6CJ E@ AC@5F46 E96 E2C86E AC@E6:? C6BF:C65 7@C 2 56D:C65 E96C2A6FE:4 67764E] u@C 6I2>A=6[ E96 >#}p :? E96 !7:K6C\q:@}%649 2?5 |@56C?2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9@H\>C?2\G244:?6D\7C@>\A7:K6C\2?5\>@56C?2\H@C<\H9J\E96JC6\2\3C62<E9C@F89\2?5\H9J\E96J\?665\E@\36\<6AE\D@\4@=5\`d_abgQmr~'xs\`h G244:?6Dk^2m 5:C64ED 46==D E@ AC@5F46 2 92C>=6DD G6CD:@? @7 E96 G:CFD’ DA:<6 AC@E6:? E92E EC2:?D E96 :>>F?6 DJDE6> E@ C64@8?:K6 2?5 36EE6C AC6A2C6 7@C A@E6?E:2= :?764E:@?]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^G\}tCbzrF8gnH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CEl_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?m%96 D4:6?46 369:?5 r~'xs\`h >#}p G244:?6D 92D 366? 564256D :? E96 >2<:?8]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmuC@> 2 5CF8 56G6=@A>6?E A6CDA64E:G6[ >#}p 5CF8D @776C D:8?:7:42?E 25G2?E286D @G6C EC25:E:@?2= 5CF8D 3642FD6 E96J 2C6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4FDE@>:K:?8\>C?2\:D\62DJ\2?5\E92ED\H92E\>2<6D\:E\E96\?6IE\7C@?E:6C\7@C\A6CD@?2=:K65\>65:4:?6\2\>@=64F=2C\3:@=@8:DE\6IA=2:?D\a`e`afQm62D:=J AC@8C2>>23=6k^2m] wF?5C65D @7 A@F?5D @7 >#}p 42? 36 >256 7C@> C625:=J 2G2:=23=6 s}p E6>A=2E6D[ DF49 E92E AC@5F4:?8 2 5:776C6?E >#}p 5CF8 :D 2D D:>A=6 2D 492?8:?8 E96 4@CC6DA@?5:?8 s}p E6>A=2E6D]k^Am
kAm|@C6 :>A@CE2?E=J[ 5:776C6?E >#}p 5CF8D AC@5F465 3J E96 D2>6 D6E @7 >6E9@5D H:== 92G6 D:>:=2C AC@A6CE:6D] %96J H:== 36 56=:G6C65 E@ E96 D2>6 E:DDF6D[ EC:886C D:>:=2C =6G6=D @7 :>>F?6 C6DA@?D6D 2?5 568C256 :? D:>:=2C H2JD] %9:D AC65:4E23:=:EJ D:8?:7:42?E=J C65F46D E96 56G6=@A>6?E C:D<D 2?5 7:?2?4:2= 4@DED @7 56G6=@A:?8 >#}p 5CF8D]k^Am
kAmx? 255:E:@? E@ 36:?8 62DJ E@ AC@8C2>[ >#}p 5CF8D 92G6 D6G6C2= @E96C F?:BF6 AC@A6CE:6D] u@C 6I2>A=6[ ;FDE =:<6 E96 >#}pD J@FC 3@5J ?2EFC2==J AC@5F46D[ E96C2A6FE:4 >#}pD 92G6 2 D9@CE 92=7\=:76 :? 46==Di k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`eTau;];4@?C6=]a_`d]_g]__fQm23@FE @?6 52Jk^2m] pD 2 C6DF=E[ 4FCC6?E >#}p E649?@=@8J :D :562= 7@C EC62E>6?ED E92E 2C6?’E >62?E E@ =2DE =@?8 :? E96 3@5J]k^Am
kAm%9:D :D H9J G244:?6D 2C6 A@AF=2C 42?5:52E6D 7@C >#}p E649?@=@8Ji %96J AC@G:56 =@?8\E6C> AC@E64E:@? 282:?DE 5:D62D6 27E6C 3C:67 6IA@DFC6 E@ E96 5CF8 H:E9 76H D:56 67764ED]k^Am
k9am$6=7 GD] ?@?D6=7k^9am
kAmp?@E96C 4C:E:42= 762EFC6 @7 >#}p 5CF8D :D E96:C :?EC:?D:4 23:=:EJ E@ DE:>F=2E6 E96 :>>F?6 DJDE6>] %9:D >2J D@F?5 A2C25@I:42= – 27E6C 2==[ J@FC 46==D 2=C625J 4@?E2:? =2C86 2>@F?ED @7 >#}pD] (9J H@F=5 @E96C >#}pD 24E:G2E6 J@FC :>>F?6 DJDE6>n w@H 5@6D J@FC :>>F?6 DJDE6> 5:DE:?8F:D9 36EH66? D6=7 2?5 ?@?D6=7 >#}pDnk^Am
kAm%96 7:CDE C62D@? :?G@=G6D =@42E:@?] %96C2A6FE:4 >#}pD 6?E6C 46==D FD:?8 6?5@D@>6D – D24D >256 @7 E96 46==’D >6>3C2?6 E92E E2<6 :? >2E6C:2=D 7C@> E96 46==’D 6?G:C@?>6?E] *@FC :>>F?6 DJDE6> 42? 56E64E >#}p :? 6?5@D@>6D 3642FD6 E9:D :D FDF2==J 2 D:8? @7 2? #}p G:CFD :?764E:@? – 46==F=2C >#}pD ?@C>2==J 5@?’E 6?E6C 6?5@D@>6D] (96? J@FC :>>F?6 DJDE6> =236=D E96C2A6FE:4 >#}pD 2D G:C2= >2E6C:2=[ :E EC:886CD k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]:>>F?:]a__d]_e]__gQm2 DEC@?8 :?7=2>>2E@CJ C6DA@?D6k^2m E92E 42? =625 E@ D6G6C6 D:56 67764ED]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^deffcg^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ac_`_b\ad\=B:=F9];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQs:28C2> D9@H:?8 >@=64F=6D 6?E6C:?8 2 56AC6DD:@? :? E96 46== >6>3C2?6 H9:49 4=@D6D @77 E@ 7@C> 2 D24Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^deffcg^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ac_`_b\ad\=B:=F9];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?mt?5@4JE@D:D :D E96 AC@46DD 3J H9:49 >2E6C:2= @FED:56 E96 46==[ DF49 2D >#}p >@=64F=6D[ :D 6?8F=765 H:E9:? E96 46==] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^:==FDEC2E:@?^6?5@4JE@D:D\AC@46DD\46==D\23D@C3\6IE6C?2=\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:==FDEC2E:@?^`ea`e`dd_hQm2=72 >5^:$E@4< G:2 v6EEJ x>286D !=FDk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm~?6 D@=FE:@? E@ E9:D AC@3=6> :D E@ >@5:7J >#}p’D 3F:=5:?8 3=@4<D – DA64:7:42==J[ 492?8:?8 E96 &[ @C FC:5:?6[ E@ :ED 496>:42= 4@FD:?D[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]:>>F?:]a__d]_e]__gQmAD6F5@FC:5:?6k^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;];4@?C6=]a_`d]_g]_d`Qm}`\>6E9J=AD6F5@FC:5:?6k^2m] %9:D DF3E=6 496>:42= 492?86 AC6G6?ED E96 F?H2?E65 :>>F?6 C6DA@?D6 H9:=6 2==@H:?8 E96 E96C2A6FE:4 >#}p E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bgTau>E]a__g]a__Qm5:C64E E96 46== E@ >2<6 E96 AC@E6:? :E 6?4@56Dk^2m] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^E6?24:@FD\4FC:@D:EJ\:?\E96\=23\42?\=625\E@\2\?@36=\AC:K6\>C?2\C6D62C49\6I6>A=:7:6D\E96\F?AC65:4E23=6\G2=F6\@7\32D:4\D4:6?E:7:4\C6D62C49\a`cff_Qma_ab }@36= !C:K6 :? A9JD:@=@8J @C >65:4:?6k^2m H2D 2H2C565 E@ E96 D4:6?E:DED H9@ >256 E9:D 3C62<E9C@F89 5:D4@G6CJ] q@E9 E96 !7:K6C\q:@}%649 2?5 |@56C?2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_a`^24D46?ED4:]`4__`hfQmr~'xs\`h >#}p G244:?6Dk^2m FD6 E9:D E649?:BF6]k^Am
kAm%96 D64@?5 D@FC46 @7 F?H2?E65 :>>F?6 C6DA@?D6 :D :>AFC:E:6D 7C@> >#}p AC@5F4E:@?] %@ AC6A2C6 >#}p 7C@> 2 s}p E6>A=2E6[ D4:6?E:DED FD6 2 AC@E6:? 42==65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2EFC6]4@>^D4:E23=6^567:?:E:@?^C?2\A@=J>6C2D6\`_e^Qm#}p A@=J>6C2D6k^2m E92E E6?5D E@ >2<6 2 D>2== 2>@F?E @7 D:56 AC@5F4E 42==65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_hb^?2C^8<CehdQm5@F3=6\DEC2?565 #}pk^2m] &?=:<6 >#}p[ H9:49 :D D:?8=6\DEC2?565[ 5@F3=6\DEC2?565 #}p 92D EH@ 492:?D E92E 7@C> 2 5@F3=6 96=:I] #}p G:CFD6D 2=D@ 7@C> 5@F3=6\DEC2?565 #}p H96? E96J C6A=:42E6[ 2?5 6IA@D:?8 46==D E@ 5@F3=6\DEC2?565 #}p 42? =625 E@ 2 DEC@?8 :>>F?6 C6DA@?D6]k^Am
kAm#6>@G:?8 5@F3=6\DEC2?565 #}p :D 492==6?8:?8[ 6DA64:2==J 2E E96 :?5FDEC:2= D42=6] u@CEF:E@FD=J[ 7@C >#}p G244:?6D[ E96 C6D:5F2= 2>@F?E @7 5@F3=6\DEC2?565 #}p 42? DE:>F=2E6 E96 :>>F?6 DJDE6> E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`dh_\_aa\_``eb\hQm6?92?46 2?E:3@5J C6DA@?D6Dk^2m] w@H6G6C[ 7@C 2AA=:42E:@?D @E96C E92? G244:?6D[ 2 4=62?6C #}p AC@5F4E :D ?646DD2CJ E@ C65F46 D:56 67764ED]k^Am
k9am|@G:?8 36J@?5 G244:?6Dk^9am
kAmp=E9@F89 >#}p 92D E96 A@E6?E:2= E@ EC2?D7@C> 5CF8 56G6=@A>6?E 7@C G2C:@FD >65:42= AFCA@D6D[ 42C67F= 4@?D:56C2E:@? :D C6BF:C65 E@ :56?E:7J E2C86ED E92E 2=:8? H:E9 E96 E649?@=@8J’D DEC6?8E9D]k^Am
kAmu@C 6I2>A=6[ 3642FD6 E96C6 :D 4FCC6?E=J 2 =:>:E E@ 9@H =@?8 >#}p 42? =2DE :? E96 3@5J[ EC62E>6?ED E92E ?665 2 AC@E6:? E@ 36 AC6D6?E 7@C @?=J 2 D9@CE A6C:@5 @7 E:>6 E@ 249:6G6 2 =2DE:?8 E96C2A6FE:4 67764E 2C6 :562=] ~?6 AC@>:D:?8 6I2>A=6 :? 56G6=@A>6?E :D FD:?8 >#}p E92E 6?4@56D r#x$!#\r2Dh 86?6\65:E:?8 AC@E6:?D E@ <?@4< @FE 86?6D E92E 42FD6 DA64:7:4 5:D62D6D]k^Am
kAm#6D62C496CD 2C6 6IA=@C:?8 E9:D DEC2E68J E@ 56G6=@A 2 D:?8=6\5@D6 EC62E>6?E 7@C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_de^}ty|@2a`_fcdcQm96C65:E2CJ EC2?DE9JC6E:? 2>J=@:5@D:Dk^2m[ 2 C2C6 86?6E:4 5:D62D6 42FD65 3J E96 244F>F=2E:@? @7 >:D7@=565 AC@E6:?D :? E96 962CE 2?5 ?6CG6D] %9:D 5:D62D6 :D 2? :562= E2C86E 7@C >#}p\32D65 r#x$!# 86?6 E96C2AJ 3642FD6 E96 E2C86E AC@E6:? :D AC@5F465 3J E96 =:G6C] q642FD6 >@DE 5CF8D A2DD E9C@F89 E96 =:G6C[ E9:D >2<6D :E 62D:6C E@ 56=:G6C r#x$!#\r2Dh >#}p E@ :ED E2C86E] x? E96 ?6IE 76H J62CD[ 2 ?6H 86?6C2E:@? @7 >@C6 AC64:D6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^5c`dge\_ab\_bfhf\fQm>#}p\32D65 86?@>6 65:E:?8 E96C2A:6Dk^2m H:== 6?E6C 4=:?:42= EC:2=D]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^deffd`^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ac_`_b\`f\G49a@F];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ|:4C@D4@AJ :>286 @7 $p#$\r@'\a G:CFD A2CE:4=6D =:?:?8 E96 2 76H G6D:4=6D :? 2 46==Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^deffd`^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ac_`_b\`f\G49a@F];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?mq642FD6 E96 G:CFD E92E 42FD6D r~'xs\`h W8@=5X 2?5 @E96C #}p G:CFD6D 6?E6C 46==D E9C@F89 6?5@D@>6D[ >#}p 5CF8 :>AFC:E:6D 42? 6=:4:E D:>:=2C :>>F?6 C6DA@?D6D] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^7=:4]<C^A^a>CBC?IQm}xpxs^u=:4<Ck^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^4C62E:G64@>>@?D]@C8^=:46?D6D^3J^c]_^Qmrr q*k^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmu@C EC62E>6?ED E92E ?665 2 DA64:7:4 AC@E6:? E@ 36 AC6D6?E :? E96 3@5J 7@C =@?8 A6C:@5D @7 E:>6 @C ?665 E@ AC@>AE =:EE=6 E@ ?@ :>>F?6 C624E:@?[ 7FCE96C 25G2?46>6?ED :? >#}p E649?@=@8J 2C6 ?646DD2CJ E@ 6IE6?5 >#}p’D 92=7\=:76 2?5 6=:>:?2E6 :>>F?6\EC:886C:?8 4@?E2>:?2?ED] }@E23=6 ?6H 56G6=@A>6?ED :? E96D6 2C62D :?4=F56 FD:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``_`^a_a`]_b]ah]cbfdgfQm4@>AFE2E:@?2= 2=8@C:E9>Dk^2m E@ @AE:>:K6 >#}p D6BF6?46D :? H2JD E92E 6?92?46 E96:C DE23:=:EJ 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`dgf\_aa\_`dad\eQm6?8:?66C:?8 #}p A@=J>6C2D6Dk^2m E92E :?EC@5F46 76H6C D:56 AC@5F4ED E92E >2J 42FD6 2? :>>F?6 C6DA@?D6]k^Am
kAmuFCE96C 25G2?46>6?ED 92G6 E96 A@E6?E:2= E@ 6?23=6 2 ?6H 86?6C2E:@? @7 D276[ 5FC23=6 2?5 67764E:G6 >#}p E96C2A6FE:4D 7@C 2AA=:42E:@?D 36J@?5 G244:?6D]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D :D 2? FA52E65 G6CD:@? @7 2? 2CE:4=6 @C:8:?2==J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^5CF8D\@7\E96\7FEFC6\H:==\36\62D:6C\2?5\72DE6C\E@\>2<6\E92?<D\E@\>C?2\27E6C\C6D62C496CD\H@C<\@FE\2\76H\C6>2:?:?8\<:?<D\a`d`hhQmAF3=:D965 @? y2?] c[ a_ack^2m]k^6>mk^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\aghaffQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^=:\=:\`cffdadnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\aghaffQm{: {:k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^F>2DD\492?\>65:42=\D49@@=\aa`dnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\aghaffQm&|2DD r92? |65:42= $49@@=k^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^E6?24:@FD\4FC:@D:EJ\:?\E96\=23\42?\=625\E@\2\?@36=\AC:K6\>C?2\C6D62C49\6I6>A=:7:6D\E96\F?AC65:4E23=6\G2=F6\@7\32D:4\D4:6?E:7:4\C6D62C49\a`cff_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\aghaffQm%6?24:@FD 4FC:@D:EJ :? E96 =23 42? =625 E@ 2 }@36= !C:K6 – >#}p C6D62C49 6I6>A=:7:6D E96 F?AC65:4E23=6 G2=F6 @7 32D:4 D4:6?E:7:4 C6D62C49k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^752\C6;64ED\>@56C?2D\>C?2\7=F\G244:?6\2AA=:42E:@?\7@C\C62D@?D\H:E9\?@\32D:D\:?\E96\=2H\afdff`nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\aghaffQmusp C6;64ED |@56C?2’D >#}p 7=F G244:?6 2AA=:42E:@? ‑ 7@C C62D@?D H:E9 ?@ 32D:D :? E96 =2Hk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^C6DA64E7F=\>2E6C?:EJ\42C6\DE2CED\H:E9\:>AC@G:?8\9@DA:E2=\4F=EFC6\=6DD@?D\7C@>\CFC2=\D@FE9\27C:42\aggab_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\aghaffQm#6DA64E7F= >2E6C?:EJ 42C6 DE2CED H:E9 :>AC@G:?8 9@DA:E2= 4F=EFC6i =6DD@?D 7C@> CFC2= $@FE9 p7C:42k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?m{: {: C646:G6D 7F?5:?8 7C@> E96 }xw]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^aghaff^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
