Rivers are among the most at-risk ecosystems on the planet despite their importance to society. That pressure is also visible across the United States, where rivers face pollution, drought, mining, or aging infrastructure. But not every American river story is about decline. In Idaho, the Middle Fork of the Salmon River offers a blueprint for success, one shaped by protection and decades of responsible use.
Why America’s Rivers Are Under Pressure
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