The Roman Theatre of Verulamium in St Albans glows at dusk during OVO’s summer open-air festival. Photo credit: Elliott Franks
More than 15,000 theater lovers pour into the Roman Theatre of Verulamium every summer for OVO's annual Roman Theatre Open Air Festival. Built in the year 140AD as part of the Roman city of Verulamium, now St Albans, OVO’s stage is believed to be the oldest theatre in the country still currently producing shows.
Any of these individually would be significant accomplishments, but they barely scratch the surface of the theatre’s, city’s and company’s historic triumphs. St Albans is one of the three largest Roman cities in Britain, along with London and Cirencester. The ruins of the original city date back to at least 50 BC.Â
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