Flowering plants that need other plants
Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed in some way. We are all familiar with fleas and ticks on our pets or the mosquitos that feed on us every chance they get. And we’re all familiar with mistletoe (Santalales) as a parasitic plant that grows in the tops of oak trees.
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