(SEATTLE) Each October, as the days shorten and the air grows crisp, millions of Americans prepare for the beloved – and often sugar-fueled – tradition of Halloween. From jack-o’-lanterns glowing on porches to costumes ranging from the whimsical to the gory, Halloween is a time of playful scares, childhood memories and, of course, candy.
But as the wrappers pile up and the sugar rush hits, there’s something far more sinister brewing beneath the surface: the negative effects of candy on your gut health.
kAm$F82C 2?5 @E96C :?8C65:6?ED :? w2==@H66? EC62ED 42? 42DE 2 D:4<=J DA6== @? E96 EC:==:@?D @7 >:4C@@C82?:D>D E92E C6D:56 :? J@FC 8FE[ 4@==64E:G6=J <?@H? 2D E96 8FE >:4C@3:@>6] pD 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^82DEC@]FH]65F^A6@A=6^724F=EJ^52>>2?\4Qm82DEC@6?E6C@=@8:DE 2?5 8FE >:4C@3:@>6 C6D62C496Ck^2m 2E E96 &?:G6CD:EJ @7 (2D9:?8E@? $49@@= @7 |65:4:?6[ x 92G6 565:42E65 >J 42C66C E@ 564@5:?8 E96 4:A96C @7 9@H 7@@5 27764ED E9:D >:4C@3:2= 4@>>F?:EJ H:E9:? J@FC 8FE]k^Am
kAm(9:=6 ?@ 42?5J :D ECF=J 962=E9J[ D@>6 @AE:@?D 2C6 36EE6C 7@C J@FC 8FE E92? @E96CD] p?5 E96C6 2C6 H2JD J@F 42? 96=A H2<6 J@FC 8FE 7C@> :ED DF82C “DA6==” 27E6C 9@=:52J :?5F=86?46]k^Am
k9amvFE\3FDE:?8 EC62EDk^9am
kAm(92E 5@6D 2== E9:D 42?5J 5@ E@ J@FC 8FEnk^Am
kAmx? 2 962=E9J DE2E6[ J@FC 8FE >:4C@3:@>6 24ED =:<6 2 >:4C@3:2= 724E@CJ] xE 5:86DED ?FEC:6?ED J@FC 3@5J 42?’E – DF49 2D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:36C\:D\J@FC\3@5JD\?2EFC2=\8F:56\E@\H6:89E\>2?286>6?E\C2E96C\E92?\4FEE:?8\42C3D\@FE\@7\J@FC\5:6E\62E\E96>\:?\E96:C\@C:8:?2=\7:36C\A24<28:?8\:?DE625\a_d`dhQm7:36Ck^2m 2?5 4@=@C7F=[ 962=E9\4@?76CC:?8 A=2?E 4@>A@F?5D 42==65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8FE3:E6D]@C8^a_ac^_`^`g^=:<6\7:36C\A@=JA96?@=D\:?\7@@5\3@@DE\8=A\`\:8?:E6\>:E@49@?5C:2\96=A\4@@C5:?2E6\>6E23@=:4\962=E9^QmA@=JA96?@=Dk^2m – 2?5 AC@5F46D :>A@CE2?E >@=64F=6D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]63:@>]a_aa]`_c_gdQm42==65 >6E23@=:E6Dk^2m E92E AC@E64E 282:?DE :?764E:@? 2?5 DFAA@CE 3C2:? 962=E9] xE 2=D@ C68F=2E6D >6E23@=:D>[ @C E96 EC2?D7@C>2E:@? @7 7@@5 :?E@ FD67F= 4@>A@?6?ED E92E A@H6C 2?5 8C@H 46==D]k^Am
kAmp 32=2?465 5:6E <66AD J@FC 8FE’D >:4C@3:2= 42F=5C@? 49FC?:?8 D>@@E9=J] qFE E96 4@?46?EC2E65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_Tau?F`a_d`bcgQmDF82Ck^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_Tau?F`d`dbbedQmD2EFC2E65 72Ek^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`dfd\_ac\__ghb\dQm255:E:G6Dk^2m :? 42?5J 42? E9C@H E9:?8D :?E@ 5:D2CC2J 3J 7665:?8 :?7=2>>2E@CJ >:4C@36D E92E H62<6? J@FC 8FE 32CC:6C – E96 AC@E64E:G6 =:?:?8 E92E D6A2C2E6D J@FC >:4C@3:@>6 7C@> E96 C6DE @7 E96 3@5J]k^Am
kAm~?46 E96 8FE 32CC:6C :D 3C624965[ 6G6? 7C:6?5=J >:4C@36D 42? DE:C FA :?7=2>>2E:@?[ 42FD:?8 962=E9 :DDF6D C2?8:?8 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`dfc\_aa\__fhc\_Qm@G6CH6:89E E@ @36D:EJk^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7>:43]a_ab]`_hgbgeQm:?764E:@?Dk^2m E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`dff\_aa\__faf\JQm2FE@:>>F?6 5:D62D6k^2m[ 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^D`aafe\_ab\_``ce\aQm>:=5 4@8?:E:G6 :>A2:C>6?E E@ p=K96:>6C’Dk^2m]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^`Dx$8F!s=9*nH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CEl_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?m%96 7@@5 J@F 62E D92A6D J@FC 8FE >:4C@36D[ H9:49 :? EFC? D92A6 J@FC @G6C2== 962=E9]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm$F82C 2?5 :?7=2>>2E:@? :>A2:C J@FC >:4C@3:@>6’D 23:=:EJ E@ 5:86DE 7@@5 2?5 C68F=2E6 >6E23@=:D>] x?DE625 @7 AC@5F4:?8 962=E9J 3JAC@5F4ED – DF49 2D 3FEJC2E6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:36C\:D\J@FC\3@5JD\?2EFC2=\8F:56\E@\H6:89E\>2?286>6?E\C2E96C\E92?\4FEE:?8\42C3D\@FE\@7\J@FC\5:6E\62E\E96>\:?\E96:C\@C:8:?2=\7:36C\A24<28:?8\:?DE625\a_d`dhQm7C@> 7:36Ck^2m 2?5 FC@=:E9:? p k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8FE3:E6D]@C8^a_ac^_`^`g^=:<6\7:36C\A@=JA96?@=D\:?\7@@5\3@@DE\8=A\`\:8?:E6\>:E@49@?5C:2\96=A\4@@C5:?2E6\>6E23@=:4\962=E9^Qm7C@> A@=JA96?@=Dk^2m – 42?5J =24<:?8 E96D6 ?FEC:6?ED >2J EC:4< J@FC DJDE6> :?E@ DE@C:?8 >@C6 72E[ AC@G:5:?8 =6DD 6?6C8J 7@C J@FC >FD4=6D 2?5 3C2:?]k^Am
kAm%@@ >F49 42?5J 42? 2=D@ 27764E J@FC :>>F?6 DJDE6>] p 962=E9J 8FE >:4C@3:@>6 96=AD J@FC :>>F?6 DJDE6> 5:DE:?8F:D9 36EH66? 7C:6?5 2?5 7@6[ C65F4:?8 E96 C:D< @7 :?764E:@?D 2?5 2FE@:>>F?6 5:D@C56CD] $F82C 2?5 :?7=2>>2E:@? F?56C>:?6 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]46==]a_aa]_g]__dQm>:4C@3:@>6’D C@=6 :? EC2:?:?8 E96 :>>F?6 DJDE6>k^2m E@ 5:DE:?8F:D9 36EH66? 92C>7F= :?G256CD 2?5 92C>=6DD DF3DE2?46D] (:E9@FE 2 42C67F==J 42=:3C2E65 :>>F?6 DJDE6>[ J@FC 3@5J >2J ?@E 67764E:G6=J 4=62C :?764E:@?D @C >2J DEC@?8=J C624E E@ :ED @H? 46==D]k^Am
kAm}6FC@=@8:42==J[ 6I46DD DH66ED 42? 2=D@ 27764E E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`bha\_ac\_`fcb\`Qm8FE\3C2:? 2I:Dk^2m[ E96 EH@\H2J 4@>>F?:42E:@? 36EH66? E96 8FE 2?5 3C2:?] p 962=E9J >:4C@3:@>6 ?@C>2==J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`bha\_ac\_`fcb\`QmAC@5F46D ?6FC@EC2?D>:EE6CD 2?5 >6E23@=:E6Dk^2m[ DF49 2D D6C@E@?:? 2?5 3FEJC2E6[ E92E :?7=F6?46 >@@5 2?5 4@8?:E:G6 A6C7@C>2?46] $F82C 2?5 :?7=2>>2E:@? 25G6CD6=J 27764ED E96 >:4C@3:@>6’D C@=6 :? >6?E2= 962=E9 2?5 4@8?:E:G6 7F?4E:@?[ 4@?EC:3FE:?8 E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``ge^D`aggg\_ac\_ddb`\fQm56AC6DD:@?k^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`bhg\_ab\_abad\dQm2?I:6EJk^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`bhg\_a`\_`b_h\fQm>6>@CJ EC@F3=6Dk^2m]k^Am
k9am%96 42?5J 4@?F?5CF>k^9am
kAm}@E 2== w2==@H66? EC62ED 2C6 4C62E65 6BF2=[ 6DA64:2==J H96? :E 4@>6D E@ E96:C ?FEC:E:@?2= G2=F6 2?5 67764ED @? 8FE 962=E9] $F82C\4@2E65 ?FED 2?5 7CF:E DF49 2D 9@?6J\C@2DE65 2=>@?5D 2?5 42?5J 2AA=6D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8FE3:E6D]@C8^42C3\7:36C\C2E:@\42=4F=2E@C^QmC2?< 2>@?8 E96 E@Ak^2m[ @776C:?8 H9@=6 7@@5 36?67:ED ;FDE 36?62E9 E96 DF82CJ 4@2E:?8] !24<65 H:E9 7:36C 2?5 A@=JA96?@=D[ E96J 96=A DFAA@CE 8FE 962=E9 2?5 962=E9J >6E23@=:D>]k^Am
kAm~? E96 @AA@D:E6 6?5 @7 E96 DA64ECF> 2C6 496HJ EC62ED DF49 2D 42?5J 4@C?[ $<:EE=6D[ $E2C3FCDED 2?5 %H:KK=6CD] %96D6 DF82C\=256? 4@?764E:@?D 2C6 >@DE=J >256 @7 9:89 7CF4E@D6 4@C? DJCFA[ D2EFC2E65 72E 2?5 255:E:G6D] %96J 42? :?4C62D6 E96 F?D2G@CJ 324E6C:2= DA64:6D :? J@FC 8FE 2?5 =625 E@ :?7=2>>2E:@?[ >2<:?8 E96> @?6 @7 E96 =62DE 962=E9J w2==@H66? 49@:46D]k^Am
kAmr9@4@=2E6\32D65 42?5:6D[ 9@H6G6C[ DE2?5 @FE 2D 2 >@C6 >:4C@3:@>6\7C:6?5=J @AE:@?] (9:=6 G2C:6E:6D DF49 2D %H:I[ %9C66 |FD<6E66CD 2?5 |:=<J (2J 4@?E2:? @?=J 2 D>2== 2>@F?E @7 49@4@=2E6[ AFC6 49@4@=2E6 32CD – 6DA64:2==J 52C< 49@4@=2E6 – 2C6 C:49 :? 7:36C 2?5 A@=JA96?@=D] x? >@56C2E:@?[ 52C< 49@4@=2E6 H:E9 2E =62DE g_T E@ gdT 4242@ >2J 6G6? 36?67:E J@FC k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;];?FE3:@]a_a`]`_ggdcQm8FE >:4C@3:@>6 2?5 >@@5k^2m 3J 6?4@FC28:?8 36?67:4:2= 324E6C:2= DA64:6D E@ 8C@H]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQ%H@ 8C66? 2AA=6D @? 2 DE:4<[ 4@2E65 :? 42C2>6= 2?5 5FDE65 H:E9 A642?D]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^eaf`b`^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ac`_a`\`h\>F@7J3];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AU2>AjHlfc_Q ^mk7:842AE:@?mr2?5J 2AA=6D FDF2==J AC@G:56 2 D6CG:?8 @7 7CF:E 2?5 ?FED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^A9@E@^42C2>6=\2AA=6D\H:E9\A642?D\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:>286^``ah_hc_c_Qm#J2? q6?J: !9@E@8C2A9J^r@??64E x>286D G:2 v6EEJ x>286D G:2 %96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``e`^ypwp]``e]__d`eaQmr9@4@=2E6D H:E9 H9@=6 ?FEDk^2m[ DF49 2D 2=>@?5D @C A62?FED[ @776C 2 3@@DE @7 7:36C[ AC@E6:? 2?5 @>682\b 72ED[ >2<:?8 E96> 2 962=E9:6C 49@:46] s2C< 49@4@=2E6 H:E9 ?FED :D 36DE] qFE H96? D@CE:?8 E9C@F89 w2==@H66? EC62ED[ !62?FE |U2>Aj|D[ `__ vC2?5D 2?5 p=>@?5 y@JD >2J 36 36EE6C @AE:@?D @G6C #@=@D[ zC24<6=D 2?5 rCF?496D] tG6? 42?5:6D H:E9 AC@46DD65 ?FED[ DF49 2D #66D6’D !62?FE qFEE6C rFAD 2?5 qFEE6C7:?86CD[ C6E2:? D>2== 2>@F?ED @7 7:36C 2?5 AC@E6:?[ >2<:?8 E96> AC676C23=6 E@ ?FE\7C66 @AE:@?D]k^Am
kAmpE E96 3@EE@> @7 E96 =:DE[ 2=@?8 H:E9 496HJ DF82C 42?5:6D[ 2C6 AFC6 DF82C 42?5:6D DF49 2D =@==:A@AD[ y@==J #2?496CD[ 8F>>:6D 2?5 $>2CE:6D] %96D6 DH66ED =24< ?FEC:E:@?2= G2=F6[ 2?5 E96:C 9:89 DF82C 4@?E6?E 42? 4@?EC:3FE6 E@ E96 8C@HE9 @7 F?962=E9J 324E6C:2 :? J@FC 8FE >:4C@3:@>6]k^Am
kAmx? E96 6?5[ 2== 42?5:6D 2C6 9:89 :? DF82C[ H9:49 42? 36 92C>7F= H96? 4@?DF>65 :? =2C86 BF2?E:E:6D] |@56C2E:@? 2?5 2? @E96CH:D6 32=2?465 5:6E :D <6J E@ 6?;@J:?8 w2==@H66? EC62ED]k^Am
k9am#632=2?4:?8 27E6C :?5F=86?46k^9am
kAmx7 E96 >:4C@3:@>6 :D 4C:E:42= 7@C 962=E9[ 2?5 42?5J 42? 5:DCFAE :ED 32=2?46[ 9@H 42? J@F C6DE@C6 8FE 962=E9 27E6C w2==@H66?nk^Am
kAm~?6 D:>A=6 DEC2E68J :D 7@4FD:?8 @? E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8FE3:E6D]@C8^a_aa^_d^`c^>:DD:?8\>:4C@36D\2?5\E96\7@FC\7D\@7\7@@5^Qm7@FC u’D @7 7@@5k^2mi 7:36C[ A9JE@496>:42=D[ F?D2EFC2E65 72ED 2?5 76C>6?E65 7@@5D] %96D6 7@@5 4@>A@?6?ED 42? 96=A DFAA@CE 8FE 962=E9]k^Am
kAmu:36C\C:49 7@@5D DF49 2D H9@=6 8C2:?D[ ?FED[ D665D[ 362?D[ 7CF:ED 2?5 G686E23=6D C68F=2E6 5:86DE:@? 2?5 ?@FC:D9 36?67:4:2= 8FE 324E6C:2]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQ!2CE:2==J F?HC2AA65 49@4@=2E6 32CQ DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^eaf`bc^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ac`_a`\ac\HIf=75];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AU2>AjHlfc_Q ^mk7:842AE:@?ms2C< 49@4@=2E6 :D 2 EC62E E92E >2J @776C D@>6 962=E9 36?67:ED] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^A9@E@^49@4@=2E6\32C\HC2AA65\:?\2=F>:?F>\7@:=\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:>286^`g`cg``afdQm(249:H:E^:$E@4< G:2 v6EEJ x>286D !=FDk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm!@=JA96?@=\C:49 7@@5D DF49 2D 52C< 49@4@=2E6[ 36CC:6D[ C65 8C2A6D[ 8C66? E62 2?5 6IEC2 G:C8:? @=:G6 @:= 96=A C65F46 :?7=2>>2E:@? 2?5 6?4@FC286 E96 8C@HE9 @7 962=E9J 8FE 324E6C:2]k^Am
kAm&?D2EFC2E65 72ED DF49 2D @>682\b 72ED[ H2=?FED[ 49:2 D665D[ 7=2ID665[ 2G@425@D 2?5 72EEJ 7:D9 DF49 2D D2=>@? 42? 2=D@ DFAA@CE 2 962=E9J >:4C@3:@>6]k^Am
kAmu6C>6?E65 7@@5D DF49 2D D2F6C<C2FE[ <:>49:[ J@8FCE[ <67:C 2?5 >:D@ 96=A C6A=6?:D9 36?67:4:2= 324E6C:2 2?5 C6DE@C6 8FE 32=2?46]k^Am
kAm%@ >2<6 EC24<:?8 J@FC 5:6E 62D:6C[ 4@?D:56C FD:?8 2 7@@5 42=4F=2E@C E@ >62DFC6 9@H H6== J@FC >62=D 2=:8? H:E9 E96 7@FC u’D 2?5 >:4C@3:@>6 7C:6?5=J @AE:@?D] {:<6 2 G:CEF2= “DA6==3@@<[” k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^8FE3:E6D]@C8^42C3\7:36C\C2E:@\42=4F=2E@C^Qm2? @?=:?6 E@@=k^2m 42? 96=A 6?DFC6 J@FC 7@@5 49@:46D DFAA@CE J@FC 8FE 962=E9 2?5 H2C5 @77 E96 67764ED @7 DF82C @G6C=@25]k^Am
kAmpD >J 52F89E6CD @7E6? C6>:?5 >6[ :E’D A6C764E=J 7:?6 E@ :?5F=86 6G6CJ ?@H 2?5 E96? :? 2 76H EC:4<D 2?5 EC62ED] qFE C6>6>36C[ >@56C2E:@? :D <6J] (:E9 2 32=2?465 5:6E[ J@F’== <66A J@FC 8FE 962=E9J 2?5 DEC@?8 =@?8 27E6C E96 w2==@H66? D62D@? 6?5D]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ac_d_cQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D @C:8:?2==J AF3=:D965 @? ~4E@36C ab[ a_ac]k^6>mk^Am
kAmk6>mxE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji kDA2?mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^49C:DE@A96C\52>>2?\`c`c`bcnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ac_d_cQmr9C:DE@A96C s2>>2?k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^F?:G6CD:EJ\@7\H2D9:?8E@?\ehhnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ac_d_cQm&?:G6CD:EJ @7 (2D9:?8E@?k^2mk^6>mk^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^324E6C:2\:?\J@FC\8FE\42?\:>AC@G6\J@FC\>@@5\?6H\C6D62C49\:?\>:46\EC:6D\E@\K6C@\:?\@?\E96\4CF4:2=\DEC2:?D\aa_hbdnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ac_d_cQmq24E6C:2 :? J@FC 8FE 42? :>AC@G6 J@FC >@@5 − ?6H C6D62C49 :? >:46 EC:6D E@ K6C@ :? @? E96 4CF4:2= DEC2:?Dk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^92?8CJ\324E6C:2\:?\J@FC\8FE\>:4C@3:@>6\2C6\=:?<65\E@\49C@?:4\5:D62D6\7665:?8\E96>\H92E\E96J\?665\4@F=5\=625\E@\92AA:6C\46==D\2?5\2\962=E9:6C\3@5J\`hhcgenFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ac_d_cQmw2?8CJ 324E6C:2 :? J@FC 8FE >:4C@3:@>6 2C6 =:?<65 E@ 49C@?:4 5:D62D6 – 7665:?8 E96> H92E E96J ?665 4@F=5 =625 E@ 92AA:6C 46==D 2?5 2 962=E9:6C 3@5Jk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H9J\5@?E\7CF:E\32ED\86E\5:236E6D\?6H\F?56CDE2?5:?8\@7\9@H\E96JG6\252AE65\E@\2\9:89\DF82C\5:6E\4@F=5\=625\E@\EC62E>6?ED\7@C\A6@A=6\aa_fdenFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ac_d_cQm(9J 5@?’E 7CF:E 32ED 86E 5:236E6Dn }6H F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 9@H E96J’G6 252AE65 E@ 2 9:89‑DF82C 5:6E 4@F=5 =625 E@ EC62E>6?ED 7@C A6@A=6k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?mr9C:DE@A96C s2>>2? :D @? E96 D4:6?E:7:4 25G:D@CJ 3@2C5 2E ~@3=:[ $FA6C8FE[ 2?5 ~?6 qx~]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^ac_d_c^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am