![]()
What are the effects of microplastics on bladder health?
kAm|:4C@A=2DE:4D 92G6 >256 E96:C H2J :?E@ E96 9F>2? 3@5J[ :?4=F5:?8 E96 FC:?2CJ DJDE6>] qFE H92E 5@ E96 67764ED @7 >:4C@A=2DE:4D >62? 7@C 3=2556C 962=E9n x? E9:D DE@CJ[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^Qmp6C@7=@H &C@=@8Jk^2m 6I2>:?6D E96 =2E6DE 52E2]k^Am
kAm#:89E ?@H[ E96 C6D62C49 :D DE:== :? :ED 62C=J DE286D]k^Am
kAmw@H6G6C[ H92E C6D62C496CD 92G6 7@F?5 :D E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 ?2?@A=2DE:4D >2J :?5F46 :?7=2>>2E:@? 2?5 5:DCFAE 46== D:8?2=:?8] p 5:C64E =:?< 36EH66? >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 3=2556C 4@?5:E:@?D 92D ?@E 366? AC@G6?[ 3FE E96 (@C=5 w62=E9 ~C82?:K2E:@? W(w~X :D 42==:?8 7@C >@C6 C6D62C49]k^Am
k9bmz6J %2<62H2JDik^9bm
kF=mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6c735`haa43366b``hf625__4b_7ahfhhQm|:4C@A=2DE:4D 92G6 ?@H 366? 7@F?5 :? 7@@5[ 5C:?<:?8 H2E6C[ 2?5 9F>2? 3:@=@8:42= D2>A=6D[ :?4=F5:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]D4:6?465:C64E]4@>^D4:6?46^2CE:4=6^A::^$_`cfed`bac__agcfQmFC:?6 2?5 DE@@=k^2m]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6bchc7e7e5_ge_ab2b```g7_`fhagbgc3Qm|F=E:A=6 DEF5:6D 42== 7@C 7FCE96C C6D62C49 E@ 36EE6C F?56CDE2?5 E96 :>A24E @7 >:4C@A=2DE:4D @? E96 3=2556C 2?5 FC:?2CJ DJDE6>]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6`bb_7b2b_cdef``da7dd7g6326d3`hb_Qmt>6C8:?8 52E2 @? >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 ?2?@A=2DE:4D W|}!DX DF886DE E92E |}!D >2J :?4C62D6 :?7=2>>2E:@?[ 52>286 46==D[ 2?5 5:DCFAE 46== D:8?2=:?8[ C2:D:?8 4@?46C?D 23@FE 3=2556C 42?46C[ 49C@?:4 <:5?6J 5:D62D6[ 49C@?:4 FC:?2CJ EC24E :?764E:@?D W&%xDX[ 2?5 :?4@?E:?6?46]k^=:mk^F=m
k9bm(92E pC6 |:4C@A=2DE:4Dnk^9bm
kAm|:4C@A=2DE:4D 2C6 E:?J A:646D @7 A=2DE:4[ EJA:42==J >62DFC:?8 FA E@ d >:==:>6E6CD =@?8] %96J 42? 4@>6 7C@> 2 G2C:6EJ @7 AC@5F4ED 3C62<:?8 5@H? @G6C E:>6[ DF49 2D H2E6C 3@EE=6D[ 7@@5 A24<28:?8[ 4=@E9:?8[ 2?5 E:C6D]k^Am
kAm}2?@A=2DE:4D — H9:49 2C6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^F<9D2]3=@8]8@G]F<^a_ad^_b^`a^?2?@A=2DE:4D\2C6\6G6CJH96C6\H92E\:D\E96\962=E9\:>A24E\@7\E96D6\E:?J\A2CE:4=6D^Qm`__ E:>6D D>2==6Ck^2m E92? E96 5:2>6E6C @7 2 9F>2? 92:C — 2C6 2 >F49 D>2==6C 7@C> @7 >:4C@A=2DE:4D[ 2?5 >2J >@G6 >@C6 62D:=J E9C@F89 9F>2? E:DDF6D]k^Am
kAm%96D6 A2CE:4=6D 42? 6?5 FA :? H2E6C[ 7@@5[ 2:C[ 2?5 E96 9F>2? 3@5J]k^Am
k9bmpC6 |:4C@A=2DE:4D w2C>7F= E@ E96 q=2556Cnk^9bm
kAm!@E6?E:2==J] x? 2 a_aa C6A@CE[ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]H9@]:?E^AF3=:42E:@?D^:^:E6>^hfghac__dce_gQm(@C=5 w62=E9 ~C82?:K2E:@?k^2m AF3=:D965 :ED 7:?5:?8D 23@FE E96 @G6C2== 67764ED @7 >:4C@A=2DE:4D[ DE2E:?8 E92E E96C6 H2D ?@E 6?@F89 6G:56?46 E@ “56E6C>:?6 C:D<D E@ 9F>2? 962=E9]”k^Am
kAm“(6 92G6 6?@F89 C6D62C49 E@ D2J E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D 42? C6249 E96 FC:?2CJ DJDE6> 2?5 42FD6 :?7=2>>2E:@? @C E:DDF6 DEC6DD[” D2JD k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^2=6646\7@D?:89EQmp=6646 u@D?:89Ek^2m[ >65:42= 25G:D@C 7@C p6C@7=@H &C@=@8J] “u@C 3=2556C\C6=2E65 C6D62C49 DA64:7:42==J[ E96C6 2C6 D@>6 4@?46C?D 2C@F?5 FC:?2CJ EC24E 5JD7F?4E:@?j 9@H6G6C[ E96C6 :D ?@ DEC@?8 9F>2? 6G:56?46 E92E AC@G6D 6G6CJ52J 6IA@DFC6 5:C64E=J 42FD6D 3=2556C 5:D62D6]”k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]DE24<6C]4@>^H^`ag_^:>286D^DE@C:6D^a_ae^_f^b_^5@\>:4C@A=2DE:4D\27764E\E96\3=2556C\26C@7=@H\FC@=@8J\`]A?8Q 2=ElQx?7@8C2A9:4 6IA=2:?:?8 >:4C@A=2DE:4DUR_bhj 67764ED @? 3=2556C E:DDF6[ 9@C>@?6D[ 2?5 46== D:8?2=:?8]Q DEJ=6lQH:5E9i `__TQ ^mk7:842AE:@?mp6C@7=@H &C@=@8Jk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm(:E9 >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 3=2556C 962=E9[ u@D?:89E DF886DED 36:?8 “>:?57F= @7 J@FC 52:=J 6IA@DFC6D E@ >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 C65F46 F??646DD2CJ 6IA@DFC6 H96? A@DD:3=6]”k^Am
kAm|@C6 962=E942C6 AC@76DD:@?2=D DA64:2=:K:?8 :? FC@=@8J[ DF49 2D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^;2D@?\3\42CE6CQmsC] y2D@? r2CE6Ck^2m[ 2C6 DA62<:?8 @FE]k^Am
kAmr2CE6C DF886DED[ “$:?46 E96 <:5?6JD 7:=E6C @FC 3=@@5 2?5 E96 3=2556C DE@C6D FC:?6[ :E’D C62D@?23=6 E@ E9:?< E96 FC:?2CJ DJDE6> 4@F=5 36 6IA@D65 E@ E96D6 A2CE:4=6D @C E96 496>:42=D E96J 42CCJ]” w6 8@6D @? E@ DE2E6[ “(6 5@?’E 92G6 567:?:E:G6 6G:56?46 E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D 5:C64E=J 42FD6 3=2556C 5:D62D6[ 3FE E96C6’D 6?@F89 4@?46C? E92E E96J’C6 H@CE9 A2J:?8 2EE6?E:@? E@ 2D E96 C6D62C49 6G@=G6D]”k^Am
k9bmr2? |:4C@A=2DE:4D {625 E@ &C:?2CJ x?4@?E:?6?46nk^9bm
kAm#:89E ?@H[ E96C6 :D?’E 6?@F89 6G:56?46 E@ D2J E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D 42FD6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^3=@8^5:28?@D6\FC:?2CJ\:?4@?E:?6?46RH92E\:D\FC:?2CJ\:?4@?E:?6?46QmFC:?2CJ :?4@?E:?6?46k^2m[ H9:49 :D <?@H? 2D E96 =@DD @7 3=2556C 4@?EC@=] w@H6G6C[ C6D62C496CD 2C6 H2E49:?8 E9:D 2C62 4=@D6=J]k^Am
kAmp a_ac D4@A:?8 C6G:6H AF3=:D965 :? E96 y@FC?2= @7 tIA@DFC6 $4:6?46 U2>Aj t?G:C@?>6?E2= tA:56>:@=@8J =:DE65 :?4@?E:?6?46 2D 2 A@DD:3=6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2EFC6]4@>^2CE:4=6D^Dc`bf_\_ac\__f_h\bQmAF3=:4 962=E9 4@?46C?k^2m]k^Am
kAm$6G6C2= 2CE:4=6D 7C@> E9:D C6G:6H 4:E65 E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 ?2?@A=2DE:4D 92G6 366? D9@H? E@ik^Am
kF=mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ64abcf33_gfc7h4e2a6`ge`a_h`62d`ccQmx?4C62D6 :?7=2>>2E:@?]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ67h536df`ff467b`5c3_cg34_5__4_a7bQm{625 E@ 46==F=2C E@I:4:EJ]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6522hdd42_h44ga5gdef7_db7d4c5ba32Qms:DCFAE ?@C>2= A9JD:@=@8:42= AC@46DD6D] k^=:mk^F=m
k9bm*@FC &C:?2CJ $JDE6> U2>Aj |:4C@A=2DE:4Dk^9bm
kAmw@H 6I24E=J 5@ >:4C@A=2DE:4D EC2G6= E@ J@FC 3=2556Cn !=FD[ 9@H 5@6D J@FC k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]E96FC@=@8J7@F?52E:@?]@C8^FC@=@8J\962=E9^9@H\J@FC\FC:?2CJ\DJDE6>\H@C<D^QmFC:?2CJ DJDE6> H@C<k^2mnk^Am
kAm%@ 2?DH6C E96D6 BF6DE:@?D[ :E’D 4CF4:2= E@ 368:? H:E9 E96 >2:? A2CED E92E >2<6 FA J@FC FC:?2CJ DJDE6>[ H9:49 :?4=F56 J@FCik^Am
kF=mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6d``562a56f4ge36h_47aaffh_3ffegh7QmkDEC@?8mz:5?6JDk^DEC@?8mi u:=E6C 3=@@5 E@ C6>@G6 H2DE6 2?5 6I46DD H2E6C[ AC@5F4:?8 FC:?6]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6`h6`d56_2f54hgbhbd3hhch_5gfag_6bQmkDEC@?8m&C6E6CDik^DEC@?8m sF4ED E92E 4@??64E J@FC <:5?6JD E@ J@FC 3=2556C]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6e`ge33d755ah`4__efb`a4g5`3ec6``5QmkDEC@?8mq=2556Cik^DEC@?8m $E@C6D FC:?6]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6`_f_53fbd64b5d`g4`2eb`4h7c2523`aQmkDEC@?8m&C6E9C2ik^DEC@?8m p EF36 E92E 2==@HD FC:?6 E@ =62G6 J@FC 3@5J]k^=:mk^F=m
kAm|:4C@A=2DE:4D 42? 6?E6C J@FC 3@5J H96? J@F DH2==@H E96> :? 7@@5 @C H2E6C[ @C H96? J@F 3C62E96 E96> :? 7C@> E96 2:C] $@>6 @7 E96 D>2==6DE A2CE:4=6D >2J A2DD :?E@ J@FC 3=@@5DEC62>[ H96C6 J@FC <:5?6JD 42? 7:=E6C D@>6 @7 E96> :?E@ FC:?6]k^Am
kAm(9:=6 >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2C6 :? J@FC FC:?2CJ DJDE6>[ E96J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A>4]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^2CE:4=6D^!|r`_`d`aaf^RD64dQm>2J :?E6C76C6 H:E9 J@FC 9@C>@?6Dk^2m] w@H6G6C[ E96D6 67764ED DE:== H2CC2?E 255:E:@?2= C6D62C49]k^Am
kAm“s6E64E:?8 >:4C@A=2DE:4D 5@6D ?@E 2FE@>2E:42==J >62? E96J 2C6 42FD:?8 92C>[” D2JD u@D?:89E]k^Am
kAm%96C6 :D?’E 6?@F89 6G:56?46 E@ 567:?:E:G6=J DE2E6 E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D 42? 42FD6 DA64:7:4 3=2556C DJ>AE@>D[ 3FE :7 E96J 4@?EC:3FE6 E@ :?7=2>>2E:@?[ E96J 4@F=5 >2<6 6I:DE:?8 3=2556C 4@?5:E:@?D H@CD6]k^Am
k9bm(92E E@ s@ x7 *@F’C6 r@?46C?65 p3@FE q=2556C w62=E9k^9bm
kAm#6D62C49 2C@F?5 >:4C@A=2DE:4D 2?5 3=2556C 962=E9 :D DE:== 8C@H:?8[ 2?5 E96C6 :D?’E 6?@F89 6G:56?46 E@ D2J E92E E96J 42? 5:C64E=J 42FD6 3=2556C 4@?5:E:@?D]k^Am
kAmw@H6G6C[ :E’D DE:== :>A@CE2?E E@ A2J 2EE6?E:@? E@ J@FC 3=2556C 962=E9]k^Am
kAm*@F 42? DFAA@CE J@FC 3=2556C 3Jik^Am
kF=mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6`757`h3`_ad53c3hbef_c5_a4df3h5chQmq6:?8 2H2C6 @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^3=@8^`_\5:6E\492?86D\J@FC\3=2556C\H:==\=@G6R3=2556C\:CC:E2?EDQm4@>>@? 3=2556C :CC:E2?EDk^2m[ DF49 2D 42776:?6 2?5 DA:4J 7@@5D]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6eb47462e24dehd7h7g_`2`d27`6h__6eQmsC:?<:?8 6?@F89 H2E6C E@ 2G@:5 569J5C2E:@?[ H9:49 42? 42FD6 FC:?2CJ EC24E :?764E:@?D] q6:?8 569J5C2E65 42? 2=D@ >2<6 J@FC FC:?6 >@C6 4@?46?EC2E65[ H9:49 >2J =625 E@ :CC:E2E:@?]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ64d6heeb_fdf27336db3ffb74h2`4c_`_Qm%CJ E@ 2G@:5 4@?DE:A2E:@?] q6:?8 4@?DE:A2E65 42? AFE AC6DDFC6 @? J@FC 3=2556C 2?5 >2<6 :E >@C6 5:77:4F=E E@ 6>AEJ J@FC 3=2556C 4@>A=6E6=J[ =625:?8 E@ FC:?2CJ FC86?4J]k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6726f`cfc_53he_f2g_6hgd2d5c3h5a76Qmz?@H:?8 J@FC k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^3=@8^2C6\J@FC\>65:42E:@?D\42FD:?8\3=2556C\=62<DR>65:42E:@?D\3=2556C\=62<DQm>65:42E:@?Dk^2m] %96J >2J 36 42FD:?8 3=2556C =62<D]k^=:mk^F=m
kAm$J>AE@>D =:<6 =62<:?8 FC:?6[ 2 DF556? ?665 E@ A66[ @C 766=:?8 =:<6 J@F 92G6 E@ 8@ E@ E96 32E9C@@> >@C6 @7E6? E92? FDF2= D9@F=5?’E 36 :8?@C65] x7 J@F 6IA6C:6?46 2?J @7 E96D6 DJ>AE@>D[ C6249 @FE E@ J@FC 5@4E@C]k^Am
kAm%96J 42? 96=A J@F :56?E:7J E96 42FD6 @7 J@FC DJ>AE@>D[ C64@>>6?5 EC62E>6?E @AE:@?D[ 2?5[ :7 J@F 92G6 3=2556C =62<D[ AC6D4C:36 :?DFC2?46\4@G6C65 :?4@?E:?6?46 DFAA=:6D]k^Am
k9bmuC6BF6?E=J pD<65 "F6DE:@?Dk^9bm
kAmkDEC@?8mw@H 5@ >:4C@A=2DE:4D 6?E6C E96 3@5Jnk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm|:4C@A=2DE:4D 42? 6?E6C E96 3@5J E9C@F89 7@@5[ H2E6C[ 2?5 2:C] $@>6 @7 E96D6 A2CE:4=6D 42? 3C62< 5@H? :?E@ D>2==6C 7C28>6?ED[ H9:49 >2J 36 92C56C E@ 56E64E :? E96 9F>2? 3@5J]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mw@H =@?8 5@ >:4C@A=2DE:4D DE2J :? J@FC 3@5Jnk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm%9:D C6>2:?D F?4=62C] p44@C5:?8 E@ 2? 2CE:4=6 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>65]DE2?7@C5]65F^?6HD^:?D:89ED^a_ad^_`^>:4C@A=2DE:4D\:?\3@5J\A@==FE65\E:?J\A=2DE:4\7C28>6?ED]9E>=Qm$E2?7@C5 |65:4:?6k^2m[ “D4:6?E:DED 5@?’E J6E <?@H 9@H =@?8 >:4C@A=2DE:4D DE2J :? E96 3@5J]”k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m(9J 2C6 >:4C@A=2DE:4D 36:?8 7@F?5 :? FC:?6nk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm!6@A=6 2C6 36:?8 6IA@D65 E@ >:4C@A=2DE:4D :? 52:=J =:76 E9C@F89 @3;64ED DF49 2D H2E6C 3@EE=6D 2?5 7@@5 A24<28:?8] !2CE:4=6D 7C@> E96D6 >2E6C:2=D >2J 6?E6C E96 3@5J 2?5 >2J A2DD E9C@F89 E96 3=2556C] #6D62C496CD 2C6 DE:== DEF5J:?8 9@H >F49 C62496D E96 FC:?2CJ DJDE6> 2?5 H92E E92E >2J >62? 7@C 3=2556C 962=E9]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mw@H 42? J@F 2G@:5 >:4C@A=2DE:4Dnk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm*@F 42?’E 2G@:5 >:4C@A=2DE:4D 4@>A=6E6=J[ 3FE J@F 42? =@H6C J@FC 6IA@DFC6 3J 2G@:5:?8 962E:?8 7@@5 :? A=2DE:4 4@?E2:?6CD 2?5 4FEE:?8 324< @? D:?8=6\FD6 A=2DE:4D] p=D@[ ECJ 42CCJ:?8 2 C6FD23=6 DE2:?=6DD DE66= @C 8=2DD H2E6C 3@EE=6 :?DE625 @7 C6=J:?8 @? D:?8=6\FD6 A=2DE:4]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8ms@ E62 328D 92G6 >:4C@A=2DE:4Dnk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm*6D[ D@>6 A=2DE:4 E62 328D >2J 4@?E2:? >:4C@A=2DE:4D] !=2DE:4 E62 328D >2J C6=62D6 G6CJ D>2== A=2DE:4 A2CE:4=6D :?E@ 9@E H2E6C] p k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]D4:6?465:C64E]4@>^D4:6?46^2CE:4=6^A::^$_b_gg`ceac_bfe`_Qma_ad C6G:6Hk^2m C6A@CE65 E92E >:4C@A=2DE:4D >2J 36 AC6D6?E :? 2== EJA6D @7 E62\32D65 5C:?<D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8ms@6D 8F> 92G6 >:4C@A=2DE:4Dnk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm*6D[ D@>6 8F> >2J 4@?E2:? 2?5 C6=62D6 >:4C@A=2DE:4D]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m$9@F=5 J@F 86E E6DE65 7@C >:4C@A=2DE:4Dnk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm&DF2==J[ ?@] %6DE:?8 7@C >:4C@A=2DE:4D :D DE:== 2 56G6=@A:?8 2C62[ 2?5 6IA6CED 5@?’E J6E 7F==J F?56CDE2?5 H92E E9@D6 C6DF=ED 4@F=5 >62? 7@C J@FC 962=E9]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>^3=@8^>:4C@A=2DE:4D\3=2556C\962=E9Qmk6>m%9:D DE@CJk^6>mk^2m k6>mH2D AC@5F465 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^26C@7=@HFC@=@8J]4@>Qmk6>mp6C@7=@H &C@=@8Jk^6>mk^2m k6>m2?5 C6G:6H65 2?5 5:DEC:3FE65 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^9F3D]=2^"_b<=8$#_Q C6=lQ?@7@==@HQmk6>m$E24<6Ck^6>mk^2m]k^Am

