(EAST LANSING, MICH.) In the past decade, study after study has come to a troubling conclusion: Trust in news and journalism has declined dramatically.
The public’s loss of trust corresponds with the explosive development of our information ecosystem. The more options audiences have to find news elsewhere, the less trust the public has placed in traditional forms of journalism.
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