(LOWELL, MASS.) The August 2026 federal indictment of Heidi Beirich, a longtime researcher who studies political violence and the American far right, has provoked strong reactions within the professional community of extremism scholars.
I am one of those researchers. Beirich is a longtime colleague. In her work, she testified before Congress, shaped the understanding of journalists and politicians regarding organized hate groups in the United States, and collaborated with many scholars in the field.
kAmw6C6’D E96 324<8C@F?5i ~? pF8] `a 7656C2= AC@D64FE@CD F?D62=65 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]43D?6HD]4@>^?6HD^D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\96:5:\36:C:49\:?5:4E65^QmDFA6CD65:?8 :?5:4E>6?E 282:?DE q6:C:49k^2m[ H9@ :D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DA=46?E6C]@C8^C6D@FC46D^6IEC6>:DE\7:=6D^Qm7@C>6C 5:C64E@C @7 E96 x?E6==:86?46 !C@;64Ek^2m[ E96 >@?:E@C:?8 2?5 C6D62C49 2C> @7 E96 $@FE96C? !@G6CEJ {2H r6?E6C[ 7@C H:C6 7C2F5[ 32?< 7C2F5 2?5 >@?6J =2F?56C:?8] %96 :?5:4E>6?E 7@==@HD k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];FDE:46]8@G^@A2^AC^7656C2=\8C2?5\;FCJ\492C86D\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\H:C6\7C2F5\72=D6\DE2E6>6?ED\2?5QmE96 pAC:= :?5:4E>6?E @7 E96 $!{r :ED6=7k^2m[ 2? p=232>2\32D65 4:G:= C:89ED ?@?AC@7:E E92E 92D DA6?E 7:G6 564256D =:E:82E:?8 282:?DE H9:E6 DFAC6>24:DE @C82?:K2E:@?D 2?5 42E2=@8:?8 92E6 8C@FAD E9C@F89 :ED H:56=J 4:E65 “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DA=46?E6C]@C8^92E6\>2A^Qm92E6 >2Ak^2m]”k^Am
kAm%96 pAC:= :?5:4E>6?E 244FD65 E96 @C82?:K2E:@? @7 D64C6E=J 7F??6=:?8 >:==:@?D @7 5@==2CD :? 5@?@C 7F?5D E@ :?7@C>2?ED 6>365565 :? G:@=6?E 6IEC6>:DE >@G6>6?ED[ FD:?8 32?< 244@F?ED @A6?65 7@C 7:4E:E:@FD 4@>A2?:6D]k^Am
kAm%96 $!{r 42D6D C2:D6 2 4CF4:2= BF6DE:@? 7@C 6IEC6>:D> C6D62C496CDi x? 2 7:6=5 H9@D6 C6D62C49 >6E9@5D 42? 2E E:>6D 5:G6C86 7C@> DE2?52C5 2?5 2AAC@G65 >6E9@5D :? @E96C 24256>:4 2C62D[ H92E 2C6 E96 =68:E:>2E6 6E9:42= =:>:ED[ 6DA64:2==J H:E9 C6DA64E E@ 4F=E:G2E:@? @7 :?D:56C D@FC46D 2?5 D@FC46 4@>A6?D2E:@?nk^Am
kAmx 36=:6G6 E92E 2 7:6=5 E92E 5@4F>6?ED 9@H A@=:E:42= >@G6>6?ED C2E:@?2=:K6 E96 >:D4@?5F4E @7 E96:C @H? >6>36CD D9@F=5 36 E96 =2DE E@ C6AC@5F46 E9:D A2EE6C?]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 2=ElQp 3=@?5\92:C65 H@>2? :? 2 3=24< E@A 2?5 3=F6 DH62E6C]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fdedda^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_gaf\e_\>B7B4:];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AU2>AjHlfc_Q ^mk7:842AE:@?mw6:5: q6:C:49 @? pAC:= e[ a_`f[ H96? D96 H@C<65 2E E96 $@FE96C? !@G6CEJ {2H r6?E6C] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^?6HDC@@>]2A]@C8^56E2:=^$@FE96C?!@G6CEJ{2Hr6?E6C^65ff4h`dg`2gceg73de4eda_hd74g676^A9@E@nGDl72=D6U2>Aj5:DA=2JBF6CJlw6:5:Ta_q6:C:49U2>Aj4FCC6?ExE6>}@lbU2>AjDE2CE:?8xE6>}@l_U2>AjD@FC46{@42E:@?l$62C49Qmp! A9@E@^|2CJ p=E2776C G:2 %96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
k9am{682= 4@?E6IEk^9am
kAmu@C 564256D[ E96 $!{r’D x?E6==:86?46 !C@;64E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]DA=46?E6C]@C8^C6D@FC46D^6IEC6>:DE\7:=6D^QmEC24<65 72C\C:89E 6IEC6>:DE @C82?:K2E:@?Dk^2m] $@>6 @7 E92E <?@H=6586 42>6 7C@> AF3=:4 D@FC46D[ 3FE D@>6 @7 :E 42>6 7C@> A6@A=6 :?D:56 E9@D6 >@G6>6?ED]k^Am
kAm%@ F?56CDE2?5 9@H 4=2?56DE:?6 8C@FAD 24EF2==J @A6C2E6[ H9@ =625D E96>[ H96C6 E96J >66E 2?5 H92E E96J 2C6 A=2??:?8[ E96 @C82?:K2E:@? 4F=E:G2E65 :?D:56CD 2?5[ 244@C5:?8 E@ AC@D64FE@CD[ A2:5 E96>]k^Am
kAm%96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4@FCE=:DE6?6C]4@>^5@4<6E^fbaabged^F?:E65\DE2E6D\G\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\:?4^Qm$!{r >2:?E2:?D :? :ED 4@FCE 7:=:?8Dk^2m E92E :?7@C>2E:@? 82E96C65 E9:D H2J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^4@FCE9@FD6?6HD]4@>^D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\D2JD\:ED\:?7@C>2?E\AC@8C2>\H2D\?@E\<6AE\D64C6E\7C@>\=2H\6?7@C46>6?E^QmH2D D92C65 H:E9 7656C2= =2H 6?7@C46>6?Ek^2m[ :?4=F5:?8 :? E96 A6C:@5 DFCC@F?5:?8 E96 a_`f “&?:E6 E96 #:89E” C2==J :? r92C=@EE6DG:==6[ '2] %96 yFDE:46 s6A2CE>6?E 5:DAFE6D E92E 492C24E6C:K2E:@?]k^Am
kAm(92E :D ?@E :? 5:DAFE6 :D E92E E9:D AC24E:46 6I:DE65[ 2?5 :ED =682=:EJ :D E96 46?E6C @7 E96 42D6 282:?DE 3@E9 E96 $!{r 2?5 q6:C:49]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];FDE:46]8@G^@A2^AC^7656C2=\8C2?5\;FCJ\492C86D\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\H:C6\7C2F5\72=D6\DE2E6>6?ED\2?5Qm%96 :?5:4E>6?E 2==686Dk^2m E92E E96 $!{r >:DC6AC6D6?E65 E@ 5@?@CD 9@H E96:C 4@?EC:3FE:@?D H@F=5 36 FD65[ E92E :E @A6?65 32?< 244@F?ED :? E96 ?2>6D @7 7:4E:E:@FD 6?E:E:6D E@ 5:D8F:D6 E96 D@FC46 2?5 56DE:?2E:@? @7 E96 A2J>6?ED[ 2?5 E92E 36EH66? a__f 2?5 a_ab >@C6 E92? &$Sc >:==:@? C624965 :?5:G:5F2=D 4@??64E65 E@ E96 zF z=FI z=2?[ pCJ2? }2E:@?D[ E96 }2E:@?2= p==:2?46[ E96 &?:E65 z=2?D @7 p>6C:42 2?5 A2CE:4:A2?ED :? E96 &?:E6 E96 #:89E C2==J]k^Am
kAmx? q6:C:49’D 42D6 DA64:7:42==J[ AC@D64FE@CD 2==686 E92E C@F89=J S`c_[___ >@G65 36EH66? a_`d 2?5 a_a` 7C@> 2? $!{r 244@F?E :?E@ 244@F?ED D96 ;@:?E=J 96=5 H:E9 2? :?7@C>2?E[ 2?5 E92E E96 >@?6J 4@G6C65 A6CD@?2= =:G:?8 6IA6?D6D]k^Am
kAmq6:C:49[ E9C@F89 96C 2EE@C?6JD[ 92D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A3D]@C8^?6HD9@FC^A@=:E:4D^7@C>6C\DA=4\@77:4:2=\492C865\:?\;FDE:46\56A2CE>6?ED\3C@256C\4C:>:?2=\42D6\282:?DE\8C@FAQm7:C>=J C6;64E65 E96 244FD2E:@?Dk^2m 2D A@=:E:42==J >@E:G2E65]k^Am
k9am!=2J:?8 A@=:E:4Dnk^9am
kAmx?5665[ E96C6 :D 2 A@=:E:4:K65 4@?E6IE DFCC@F?5:?8 E96 AC@D64FE:@?] %9:D H2D C67=64E65 3@E9 :? E96 25>:?:DEC2E:@?’D DE2E6>6?ED 2?5 24E:@?D 282:?DE E96 $!{r]k^Am
kAm~? E96 52J @7 E96 pAC:= :?5:4E>6?E[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH];FDE:46]8@G^@A2^AC^7656C2=\8C2?5\;FCJ\492C86D\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\H:C6\7C2F5\72=D6\DE2E6>6?ED\2?5Qmp4E:?8 pEE@C?6J v6?6C2= %@55 q=2?496 D2:5k^2m E96 $!{r 925 366? “>2?F724EFC:?8 C24:D> E@ ;FDE:7J :ED 6I:DE6?46” 2?5 H2D “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]334]4@>^?6HD^2CE:4=6D^4=JC<5_aa6;@Qm>2?F724EFC:?8 E96 6IEC6>:D> :E AFCA@CED E@ @AA@D6k^2m]”k^Am
kAmpDD:DE2?E pEE@C?6J v6?6C2= w2C>66E s9:==@? 56D4C:365 E96 AC@D64FE:@? 2D “A6CD@?2=[” 4:E:?8 96C @H? AC:@C C6AC6D6?E2E:@? @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A3D]@C8^?6HD9@FC^A@=:E:4D^D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\D66<D\5:D>:DD2=\@7\G:?5:4E:G6\;FDE:46\56A2CE>6?E\:?5:4E>6?EQmA6@A=6 E96 $!{r 925 =236=65 6IEC6>:DEDk^2m[ H9:49 s9:==@? 36=:6G65 H2D F?;FDE:7:65]k^Am
kAm%96 uqx 564:565 :? ~4E@36C a_ad E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@=:E:4@]4@>^?6HD^a_ad^`_^_b^73:\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\4FE\E:6D\__dhbc`eQm6?5 :ED 4@@A6C2E:@? H:E9 E96 $!{rk^2m[ H9:49 925 :?G@=G65 D92C:?8 52E2 2?5 2?2=JD:D @? 92E6 4C:>6D 2?5 92E6 8C@FAD 2?5 5C2H:?8 @? E96 @C82?:K2E:@?’D EC24<:?8 @7 6IEC6>:DE >@G6>6?ED]k^Am
kAmx? 62C=J pF8FDE a_ae[ 2 7656C2= ;F586 56?:65 E96 $!{r’D >@E:@? E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2=232>2C67=64E@C]4@>^a_ae^_g^``^7656C2=\;F586\56?:6D\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6CD\>@E:@?\E@\5:D>:DD\4C:>:?2=\492C86D^Qm5:D>:DD E96 @C82?:K2E:@?’D :?5:4E>6?E 2D 2 G:?5:4E:G6 AC@D64FE:@?k^2m[ 7:?5:?8 E92E :E 925 ?@E AC@5F465 @3;64E:G6 6G:56?46 EJ:?8 E96 A@=:E:42= 4C:E:4:D> E@ E96 492C8:?8 564:D:@? :ED6=7] $96 2=D@ C67FD65 E@ =6E E96 @C82?:K2E:@? @3E2:? E96 8@G6C?>6?E’D :?E6C?2= C64@C5D @7 9@H E96 564:D:@? E@ AC@D64FE6 H2D C624965[ 56D4C:3:?8 :ED DF3>:DD:@?D 2D “k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^C62D@?]4@>^G@=@<9^a_ae^_g^`_^7656C2=\4@FCE\C67FD6D\E@\5:D>:DD\42D6\282:?DE\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C^QmDA64F=2E:@? FA@? 4@?;64EFC6k^2m]” s2JD =2E6C[ q6:C:49 H2D 492C865 :? E96 D64@?5 DFA6CD65:?8 :?5:4E>6?E]k^Am
k9am$EF5J:?8 6IEC6>:DEDk^9am
kAm%96D6 EH@ 42D6D 7@C46 C6D62C496CD E@ 8C2AA=6 H:E9 9@H <?@H=6586 23@FE G:@=6?E >@G6>6?ED :D 24EF2==J AC@5F465]k^Am
kAm#6D62C496CD[ ;@FC?2=:DED 2?5 H2E495@8 @C82?:K2E:@?D C6=J @? 7@FC 3C@25 2G6?F6D @7 2446DDik^Am
kAm• kDEC@?8mr@?D6?E\32D65 6?8286>6?Ek^DEC@?8m[ H9:49 4@?D:DED AC:>2C:=J @7 :?E6CG:6HD H:E9 4FCC6?E 2?5 7@C>6C >6>36CD @7 6IEC6>:DE >@G6>6?ED[ 4@?5F4E65 F?56C :?DE:EFE:@?2= @G6CD:89E 2?5 H:E9 :?7@C>65 4@?D6?E[ >62?:?8 E92E A2CE:4:A2?ED 2C6 E@=5 H92E E96 C6D62C49 :D 7@C[ H92E H:== 36 5@?6 H:E9 H92E E96J D2J[ 2?5 E92E E96J >2J H:E95C2H 2E 2?J A@:?E]k^Am
kAm• kDEC@?8m~3D6CG2E:@?2= 7:6=5H@C<k^DEC@?8m[ H9:49 :?4=F56D 2EE6?5:?8 C2==:6D[ >66E:?8D 2?5 AF3=:4 6G6?ED E@ 5@4F>6?E @C82?:K2E:@?2= 5J?2>:4D]k^Am
kAm• kDEC@?8m{2C86\D42=6 4@==64E:@? @7 @?=:?6 4@?E6?Ek^DEC@?8m 7C@> A=2E7@C>D 2?5 6?4CJAE65 492??6=D H96C6 6IEC6>:DE 4@>>F?:E:6D @C82?:K6 2?5 4@>>F?:42E6]k^Am
kAm• kDEC@?8mrF=E:G2E:@? @7 :?D:56C D@FC46Dk^DEC@?8m – 3J 72C E96 >@DE 56=:42E6 :?7@C>2E:@? 4@==64E:@?] $@FC46D :?4=F56 56764E@CD[ :?7@C>2?ED 2?5 :?5:G:5F2=D H9@ C6>2:? 6>365565 H:E9:? >@G6>6?ED H9:=6 A2DD:?8 :?7@C>2E:@? E@ @FED:56CD] p4256>:4 C6D62C496CD C2C6=J FD6 E9:D =2DE 2G6?F6] (2E495@8 @C82?:K2E:@?D 2?5 :?G6DE:82E:G6 ;@FC?2=:DED C6=J @? :E]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^9EI*DarrB#xnH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CElc_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?m%96 6E9:4D @7 DEF5J:?8 6IEC6>:D> H2D E96 7@4FD @7 2 H63:?2C D6C:6D 7@C C6D62C496CD :? a_ad]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
k9amtE9:42= 492==6?86Dk^9am
kAmp4256>:4 C6D62C49 @? 9F>2? DF3;64ED :D 8@G6C?65 3J 2 7C2>6H@C< k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^3@@<D^}qzcdhag`^Qm3F:=E =2C86=J :? C6DA@?D6 E@k^2m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__a^?4A]`_eabQmA2DE >65:42= 2?5 ADJ49@=@8:42= C6D62C49 23FD6Dk^2m]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5:G:D:@?\C6D62C49]3C@H?]65F^C6D62C49\4J4=6^4@?5F4E\C6D62C49^9F>2?\DF3;64ED\C6D62C49^A@=:4:6D^F?56CDE2?5:?8\9F>2?QmxED 4@C6 4@>>:E>6?EDk^2m 2C6 G@=F?E2CJ 2?5 :?7@C>65 A2CE:4:A2E:@?[ >:?:>:K2E:@? @7 92C> E@ A2CE:4:A2?ED[ 4@?7:56?E:2=:EJ 2?5 AC:@C 2AAC@G2= 3J 2? :?DE:EFE:@?2= C6G:6H 3@2C5 E92E H6:89D C:D< 282:?DE D4:6?E:7:4 G2=F6] %92E 2C49:E64EFC6 2DDF>6D 2 C6D62C49 D6EE:?8 :? H9:49 E96 A2CE:4:A2?E :D E96 GF=?6C23=6 A2CEJ[ E96 C:D<D 2C6 7@C6D6623=6 2?5 E96 C6D62C496C :D D276]k^Am
kAmtIEC6>:D> C6D62C49 7:ED ?@?6 @7 E9@D6 2DDF>AE:@?D 4=62?=J]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_g_^_hdceddb]a_a`]`gg_abdQmr@G6CE @3D6CG2E:@? 4@?7=:4ED H:E9 :?7@C>65 4@?D6?Ek^2m] #6G62=:?8 @?6D6=7 E@ 2 G:@=6?E >@G6>6?E 42? AFE E96 C6D62C496C :? 52?86C 2?5 D<6H E96 52E2]k^Am
kAmx?7@C>2E:@? 4@==64E65 7@C 24256>:4 AFCA@D6D 42? 24BF:C6 @A6C2E:@?2= G2=F6 7@C =2H 6?7@C46>6?E 286?4:6D[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_g_^`cefgg_a]a_ac]ac_de`bQm3=FCC:?8 E96 =:?6 36EH66? C6D62C49 2?5 :?E6==:86?46 H@C<k^2m]k^Am
kAmp?5 E96 4@>A6?D2E:@? @7 D@FC46D 6I:DED :? E96 566A6DE 8C2J 2C62 @7 2==] |2:?DEC62> k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@J?E6C]@C8^4@>>6?E2CJ^a_ab^D9@F=5\;@FC?2=:DED\A2J\D@FC46D^Qm;@FC?2=:D> =2C86=J AC@9:3:ED A2J:?8 D@FC46Dk^2m] {2H 6?7@C46>6?E :?DE:EFE:@?2=:K6D :E E9C@F89 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A@J?E6C]@C8^4@>>6?E2CJ^a_ab^D9@F=5\;@FC?2=:DED\A2J\D@FC46D^QmC68F=2E65 :?7@C>2?E AC@8C2>Dk^2m]k^Am
kAmw@H6G6C[ C6D62C496CD 2?5 H2E495@8 @C82?:K2E:@?D @A6C2E6 :? E96 F?C68F=2E65 DA246 36EH66? E96D6 A@=6D] !2J:?8 2? :?D:56C >2J 36 E96 @?=J H2J E@ >2:?E2:? 2446DD[ AC@E64E E96 D@FC46 @C 6IEC24E D@>6@?6 7C@> 2 >@G6>6?E[ 3FE E92E D2>6 A2J>6?E 2=D@ 42CC:6D E96 C:D< @7 DF3D:5:K:?8 E96 >@G6>6?E :ED6=7]k^Am
kAm%96 7:6=5 92D ?6G6C C6D@=G65 E9:D E6?D:@? 2?5 =2C86=J 2G@:565 :E]k^Am
kAm%96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_g_^_hdceddb]a_a`]`gg_`heQmuC2>6H@C< 7@C #6D62C49 tE9:4D :? %6CC@C:D> $EF5:6Dk^2m 8:G6D C6G:6H 3@2C5D 2 DECF4EFC65 D6E @7 BF6DE:@?D 4@G6C:?8 A2CE:4:A2?E GF=?6C23:=:EJ[ 4@?D6?E[ 2?@?J>:EJ[ 52E2 D64FC:EJ 2?5 E96 D276EJ @7 E96 C6D62C496C] qFE :E 255C6DD6D 9@H C6D62C496CD D9@F=5 36 C6G:6H65 C2E96C E92? 9@H :?D:56C C6=2E:@?D9:AD D9@F=5 36 7:?2?465] ~? E96 BF6DE:@? @7 A2J:?8 2 D@FC46[ E96 7C2>6H@C<[ =:<6 E96 7:6=5[ C6>2:?D =2C86=J D:=6?E]k^Am
k9amx>A=:42E:@?D 7@C 6IEC6>:D> C6D62C49k^9am
kAmx7 4@FCED 2446AE E96 8@G6C?>6?E’D =682= 2AAC@249 :? E96 $!{r 42D6D[ 67764E:G6=J EC62E:?8 5:D4C66E A2J>6?E 492??6=D E@ :?D:56C D@FC46D 2D :?96C6?E=J 7C2F5F=6?E[ E96 :>A=:42E:@?D C6249 72C 36J@?5 2 D:?8=6 @C82?:K2E:@?]k^Am
kAm(2E495@8 8C@FAD 2?5 ?6HDC@@>D E92E C@FE6 A2J>6?ED E9C@F89 :?E6C>65:2C:6D E@ <66A 2 D@FC46’D :56?E:EJ :?DF=2E65 :? 52?86C@FD C6A@CE:?8 6?G:C@?>6?ED[ 2?5 C6D62C496CD H9@ 4@>A6?D2E6 A2CE:4:A2?ED 7@C E96:C E:>6 F?56C C@FE:?6 :?DE:EFE:@?2= C6G:6H 3@2C5 2AAC@G2=[ H@F=5 2== 7:?5 E96:C DE2?52C5 >6E9@5D ?6H=J 6IA@D65]k^Am
kAm%92E H:== F?56C>:?6 677@CED E@ 82:? 2 4=62C A:4EFC6 @7 G:@=6?E 6IEC6>:D> :? E96 &]$][ :?4=F5:?8 9@H >2?J 2EE24<D @44FC 2?5 3J H9@>[ 9@H >@G6>6?ED C64CF:E[ 9@H @?=:?6 DA246D 4@?G6CE 8C:6G2?46 :?E@ A=2??:?8 2?5 H9:49 H2C?:?8 D:8?D AC64656 G:@=6?46]k^Am
kAm%92E H@C< 7665D 7656C2= 2?5 DE2E6 E9C62E 2DD6DD>6?ED[ :?7@C>D D@4:2= >65:2 A=2E7@C>D @? 9@H E@ :56?E:7J 6IEC6>:DE FD6CD 2?5 4@?E6?E[ D92A6D AC6G6?E:@? AC@8C2>D 2?5 DFAA=:6D E96 6G:56?E:2CJ 32D:D 7@C AC@D64FE:@?D 2?5 4@?8C6DD:@?2= @G6CD:89E] p =682= E96@CJ E92E EC62ED 5:D4C66E A2J>6?E 492??6=D E@ :?D:56C D@FC46D 2D :?96C6?E=J 7C2F5F=6?E H@F=5 ?2CC@H E96 C2?86 @7 H92E 42? 36 <?@H? 23@FE >@G6>6?ED E92E 4@?462= E96>D6=G6D 3J 56D:8?]k^Am
kAms6DA:E6 DF49 4@?46C?D[ E96 A@D:E:G6 @FE=@@< :D E92E 2 AC@76DD:@?2= 7:6=5 E92E 92D DA6?E 564256D 5@4F>6?E:?8 9@H A@=:E:42= >@G6>6?ED C2E:@?2=:K6 E96 >:D4@?5F4E @7 E96:C >6>36CD :D :? 2? F?FDF2==J 8@@5 A@D:E:@? E@ ?@E:46 H96? :E DE2CED 5@:?8 E96 D2>6 E9:?8]k^Am
kAm#6D62C496CD 42? FD6 E9:D >@>6?E E@ 7:?2==J 3F:=5 E96 6E9:42= :?7C2DECF4EFC6 2C@F?5 E96 4F=E:G2E:@? @7 :?D:56C D@FC46D 2?5 D@FC46 4@>A6?D2E:@? E92E E96 7:6=5 92D A@DEA@?65 7@C E@@ =@?8]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ah_bgcQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^2C:6\A6C=:86C\bfhe`hnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ah_bgcQmpC:6 !6C=:86Ck^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^F>2DD\=@H6==\`dbcnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ah_bgcQm&|2DD {@H6==k^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H9:E6\DFAC6>24:DED\DA:?\2\;FDE:46\56A2CE>6?E\:?5:4E>6?E\282:?DE\2\92E6\>@?:E@C:?8\8C@FA\E@\=68:E:>:K6\6IEC6>:D>\2?5\6IA2?5\C64CF:E>6?E\agbdeenFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ah_bgcQm(9:E6 DFAC6>24:DED DA:? 2 yFDE:46 s6A2CE>6?E :?5:4E>6?E 282:?DE 2 92E6‑>@?:E@C:?8 8C@FA E@ =68:E:>:K6 6IEC6>:D> 2?5 6IA2?5 C64CF:E>6?Ek^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^ECF>A\25>:?:DEC2E:@?D\:?5:4E>6?E\@7\E96\D@FE96C?\A@G6CEJ\=2H\46?E6C\3C62<D\H:E9\?@C>D\2?5\>2J\=24<\6G:56?46\@7\4C:>:?2=\HC@?85@:?8\ag`b`_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ah_bgcQm%CF>A 25>:?:DEC2E:@?’D :?5:4E>6?E @7 E96 $@FE96C? !@G6CEJ {2H r6?E6C 3C62<D H:E9 ?@C>D – 2?5 >2J =24< 6G:56?46 @7 4C:>:?2= HC@?85@:?8k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^?@?AC@7:E\7C2F5\2>:5\9:89\AC@7:=6\AC@D64FE:@?D\2?\244@F?E2?E\6IA=2:?D\H92ED\C62==J\8@:?8\@?\agaabbnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\ah_bgcQm}@?AC@7:E 7C2F5i p>:5 9:89‑AC@7:=6 AC@D64FE:@?D[ 2? 244@F?E2?E 6IA=2:?D H92E’D C62==J 8@:?8 @?k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?mpC:6 !6C=:86C 5@6D ?@E H@C< 7@C[ 4@?DF=E[ @H? D92C6D :? @C C646:G6 7F?5:?8 7C@> 2?J 4@>A2?J @C @C82?:K2E:@? E92E H@F=5 36?67:E 7C@> E9:D 2CE:4=6[ 2?5 92D 5:D4=@D65 ?@ C6=6G2?E 277:=:2E:@?D 36J@?5 E96:C 24256>:4 2AA@:?E>6?E]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^ah_bgc^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
