(STATE COLLEGE, PENN.) Every year, the global pharmaceutical industry produces trillions of doses of medications. Manufacturing these drugs involves several stages, and the chance of contamination increases with every step.
Thus, before a single drop of any drug can be given to a patient, it must be sterilized. In my work as a researcher in pharmaceutical manufacturing, I investigate how the properties of different drugs and filters affect how well medications are sterilized through certain methods. Ensuring drug safety while maintaining product integrity remains a persistent and technically nuanced challenge, even on a good day.
kAmpD >65:42= E96C2A:6D 364@>6 :?4C62D:?8=J 4@>A=6I[ 9@H6G6C[ E96 8@2= E@ <66A E96D6 5CF8D D276 7C@> 324E6C:2= 4@?E2>:?2E:@? :D 724:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A:D2\FD2]4@>^3=@8^H92E\2C6\E96\3:886DE\DE6C:=:K2E:@?\492==6?86D\7@C\4@>A=6I\>65:42=\56G:46D\2?5\9@H\42?\>2?F724EFC6CD\D@=G6\E96>QmF?AC64656?E65 3@EE=6?64<Dk^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbgh^7A92C]a_a`]ehbcaeQm:?4=F5:?8 8=@32=k^2m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]752]8@G^5CF8D^5CF8\D9@CE286D^C6A@CE\5CF8\D9@CE286D\C@@E\42FD6D\2?5\A@E6?E:2=\D@=FE:@?DQm5CF8 D9@CE286Dk^2m 5F6 E@ 7C28:=6 >2E6C:2=D[ C68F=2E@CJ AC6DDFC6D 2?5 DEC2:?65 DFAA=J 492:?D]k^Am
k9amuC@> 4@?E2>:?2E:@? E@ 4C:D:Dk^9am
kAm$E6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? 24ED 2D 2 D9:6=5 36EH66? 2 >2?F724EFC65 5CF8 2?5 2 A2E:6?E] (96? E9:D D9:6=5 72:=D[ 4@?E2>:?2E:@? :D 4@DE=J 7@C 3@E9 A2E:6?ED 2?5 >2?F724EFC6CD]k^Am
kAmx? a_`a[ 2 =2C86\D42=6 7F?82= >6?:?8:E:D 6A:56>:4 3C@<6 2E E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4??]4@>^a_ac^_b^_d^FD^32CCJ\42556?\7F?82=\>6?:?8:E:D\@FE3C62<\A=62\:?G@=F?E2CJ\>2?D=2F89E6CQm}6H t?8=2?5 r@>A@F?5:?8 r6?E6Ck^2m] tA:5FC2= :?;64E:@?D H6C6 4@?E2>:?2E65 2E E96 A92C>24J H:E9 E96 7F?8FD k6>mtID6C@9:=F> C@DEC2EF>k^6>m 5F6 E@ :?256BF2E6 DE6C:=:K2E:@? 2?5 A@@C 2D6AE:4 4@?5:E:@?D 5FC:?8 >2?F724EFC:?8] %9:D @G6CD:89E 42FD65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2C49:G6]454]8@G^R^56E2:=DnFC=l9EEADi^^HHH]454]8@G^92:^@FE3C62<D^>6?:?8:E:D\>2A\=2C86]9E>=Qm@G6C fd_ :?764E:@?D 2?5 >@C6 E92? e_ 562E9Dk^2m]k^Am
kAmx? a_a`[ E96 4@?E2>:?2E:@? @7 @?6 >2?F724EFC6C’D >F=E:FD6 86= 7@C F=EC2D@F?5D =65 E@ @FE3C62<D @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^5I]5@:]@C8^`_]`ddgd^>>HC]>>f`cg2bQmk6>mqFC<9@=56C:2 DE23:=:Dk^6>mk^2m 324E6C:2= :?764E:@?D 24C@DD `_ p>6C:42? DE2E6D] pC@F?5 `c 562E9D H6C6 =:?<65 E@ E96 >2?F724EFC6C’D :?2AAC@AC:2E6 E6DE:?8 @7 E96 7:?:D965 AC@5F4E[ :?256BF2E6 :?DA64E:@? @7 C2H >2E6C:2=D 2?5 =24< @7 6?G:C@?>6?E2= 4@?EC@=D]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcg``e^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f`d\f`\;ee28B];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ%H@ =23 H@C<6CD :? H9:E6 4@2ED D:EE:?8 2E 4@>AFE6CD 36D:56 DE24<D @7 =23 6BF:A>6?E 2?5 >249:?6DQ DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcg``e^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f`d\f`\;ee28B];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?msCF8D ?665 E@ A2DD DEC:?86?E E6DED :? @C56C E@ 6?DFC6 E96:C D276EJ] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^?6HD\A9@E@^E649?:4:2?\:D\4964<:?8\E96\BF2=:EJ\@7\3:@=@8:42=\5CF8D\:?\2\?6HD\A9@E@^a_dhaefdhbQmr@DE7@E@^}FC!9@E@ G:2 v6EEJ x>286Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAmq6J@?5 E96 =682= 4@?D6BF6?46D @7 92C>:?8 A2E:6?ED[ A92C>246FE:42= 4@>A2?:6D 2=D@ 7246 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^3@@<D^}qzdf_dgh^Qm>2DD:G6 7:?2?4:2= C:D<Dk^2m H96? 7:=EC2E:@? 72:=D]k^Am
kAm(9:=6 E96C6 2C6 4@DED E@ >2:?E2:?:?8 2 DE6C:=:K2E:@? AC@46DD 5FC:?8 >2?F724EFC:?8[ AC@5F4:?8 AC@5F4ED E92E 2C6 :?DF77:4:6?E=J DE6C:=6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A92C>246FE:42=>2?F724EFC6C]>65:2^A92C>246FE:42=\:?5FDECJ\:?D:89ED^A92C>246FE:42=\>2?F724EFC:?8\:?D:89ED^32E49\72:=FC6D\2?5\E96\9:556?\4@DED\@7\4@?E2>:?2E:@?^Qm:>A@D6D E96 9:896DE 4@DEDk^2m] x7 2 7:=E6C 72:=D 2 C@FE:?6 4964< E@ 4@?7:C> :ED 23:=:EJ E@ C6>@G6 :>AFC:E:6D[ E96 6?E:C6 32E49 @7 E96 5CF8 AC@5F4E 92D E@ 36 5:D42C565] %9:D C6DF=ED :? 9F86 =@DD6D E@ E96 4@>A2?J]k^Am
kAmx?5FDECJ C6A@CED ?@E6 E92E 4@?E2>:?2E:@?\C6=2E65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A92C>246FE:42=>2?F724EFC6C]>65:2^A92C>246FE:42=\:?5FDECJ\:?D:89ED^A92C>246FE:42=\>2?F724EFC:?8\:?D:89ED^32E49\72:=FC6D\2?5\E96\9:556?\4@DED\@7\4@?E2>:?2E:@?^Qm32E49 72:=FC6D 42? =625 E@ >:==:@?D @7 5@==2CD :? =@DD6Dk^2m 7C@> ?@E @?=J 5:D42C565 AC@5F4E[ 3FE 2=D@ 7C@> :?G6DE:82E:@? 4@DED 2?5 >2?F724EFC:?8 5@H?E:>6]k^Am
k9amw@H DE6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? H@C<Dk^9am
kAm$E6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? :?G@=G6D 7@C4:?8 2 5CF8 AC@5F4E E9C@F89 2 >:4C@D4@A:4 7:=E6C E@ C6>@G6 4@?E2>:?2?ED DF49 2D 324E6C:2 2?5 @E96C 52?86C@FD >:4C@@C82?:D>D] %9:D 7:=E6C[ 2=D@ 42==65 2 >6>3C2?6[ :D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_^>6>3C2?6D`a_d_dacQm6IEC6>6=J E9:?k^2m] xE EJA:42==J 92D 2 E9:4<?6DD 36EH66? `_d 2?5 `f_ >:4C@>6E6CD[ H9:49 :D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2?@]8@G^23@FE\?2?@E649?@=@8J^;FDE\9@H\D>2==\:D\?2?@^QmC@F89=J E92E @7 2 D966E @7 A2A6Ck^2m]k^Am
kAm%96D6 >6>3C2?6D @A6C2E6 E9C@F89 2 >6492?:D> 42==65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`a_`^hfg_cah``ehf`QmD:K6 6I4=FD:@?k^2m] !@C6D 2==@H D>2== 5CF8 >@=64F=6D E@ A2DD E9C@F89 E96 >6>3C2?6[ H9:=6 =2C86C A2CE:4F=2E6D 2C6 C6E2:?65] %96 496>:42= AC@A6CE:6D @7 E96 >6>3C2?6[ H9:49 27764ED 9@H >@=64F=6D :?E6C24E H:E9 :E[ 42? 2=D@ 56E6C>:?6 H92E :E 42E496D]k^Am
kAm%96 FD6 @7 D6>:A6C>623=6 >6>3C2?6D 7@C C6>@G:?8 324E6C:2 52E6D 324< @G6C `__ J62CD E@ E96 62C=J H@C< @7 }@36= !C:K6 H:??6C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A2E6?ED]8@@8=6]4@>^A2E6?E^&$`ca`bc`p^6?Qm#:492C5 +D:8>@?5Jk^2m @? ?:EC@46==F=@D6 >6>3C2?6D] %96 A92C>246FE:42= :?5FDECJ 3682? FD:?8 E96D6 >6>3C2?6D 2D DE6C:=6 7:=E6CD 27E6C E96J H6C6 4@>>6C4:2=:K65 :? E96 `ha_D] w@H6G6C[ 27E6C D4:6?E:DED 7@F?5 E92E k6>m!D6F5@>@?2D 5:>:?FE2k^6>m 324E6C:2 4@F=5 A2DD E9C@F89 E96D6 >6>3C2?6D[ 6G6? D>2==6C A@C6 D:K6D 3642>6 E96 DE2?52C5]k^Am
kAm%96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]7656C2=C68:DE6C]8@G^5@4F>6?ED^a__c^`_^_c^_c\aaa_f^8F:52?46\7@C\:?5FDECJ\@?\DE6C:=6\5CF8\AC@5F4ED\AC@5F465\3J\2D6AE:4\AC@46DD:?8\4FCC6?E\8@@5Qm&]$] u@@5 2?5 sCF8 p5>:?:DEC2E:@?k^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]6>2]6FC@A2]6F^6?^5@4F>6?ED^D4:6?E:7:4\8F:56=:?6^8F:56=:?6\DE6C:=:D2E:@?\>65:4:?2=\AC@5F4E\24E:G6\DF3DE2?46\6I4:A:6?E\2?5\AC:>2CJ\4@?E2:?6C06?]A57QmtFC@A62? |65:4:?6D p86?4Jk^2m 4@?D:56CD 7:=EC2E:@? 2? 2AAC@AC:2E6 >6E9@5 E@ DE6C:=:K6 9:89=J D6?D:E:G6 5CF8D]k^Am
k9am!@C6D 2?5 @E96C >6E9@5Dk^9am
kAm(9J 7@C46 5CF8D E9C@F89 >:4C@D4@A:4 A@C6D :?DE625 @7 @E96C DE6C:=:K2E:@? >6E9@5Dnk^Am
kAmp=E9@F89 E649?:BF6D =:<6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]496>@DA96C6]a_aa]`bec_cQm962E DE6C:=:K2E:@?k^2m @C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]C25A9JD496>]a_a`]`_hfhdQm82>>2 C25:2E:@?k^2m 2C6 9:89=J 67764E:G6 7@C DFC8:42= E@@=D @C 46CE2:? @=56C 5CF8D[ E96J 2C6 @7E6? 56DECF4E:G6 E@ D6?D:E:G6 >@56C? 5CF8D] |2?J 5CF8D 4@?D:DE @7 56=:42E6 AC@E6:?D 2?5 86?6E:4 >2E6C:2= E92E 42? 36 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]IA9D]a_ab]_g]__bQm62D:=J 568C2565 @C 2=E6C65k^2m :? H2JD E92E C6?56C E96 >65:42E:@? FD6=6DD]k^Am
More from this section
kAmp?@E96C 2=E6C?2E:G6 E@ DE6C:=:K2E:@? :D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]752]8@G^:?DA64E:@?D\4@>A=:2?46\6?7@C46>6?E\2?5\4C:>:?2=\:?G6DE:82E:@?D^:?DA64E:@?\8F:56D^2D6AE:4\AC@46DD:?8\2?5\A24<28:?8\7@@5\:?5FDECJQm2D6AE:4 AC@46DD:?8k^2m[ H9:49 :?G@=G6D 2DD6>3=:?8 AC6DE6C:=:K65 4@>A@?6?ED :? 2 4@>A=6E6=J DE6C:=6 6?G:C@?>6?E] w@H6G6C[ E9:D 2AAC@249 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A92C>E649]4@>^G:6H^>@56C?\DE6C:=6\7:=EC2E:@?\64@?@>:4DQm:D 6IA6?D:G6k^2m 2?5 9:89=J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]A92C>E649]4@>^G:6H^2G@:5:?8\4@?E2>:?2E:@?\C:D<D\2D6AE:4\AC@46DD6DQmAC@?6 E@ 9F>2? 6CC@Ck^2m]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_^>@=64F=6Dae_fa_egQm$E6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@?k^2m 6>6C86D 2D 2 C6=:23=6 >6E9@5 E@ AC@46DD 5CF8D H:E9@FE 56DEC@J:?8 E96:C 24E:G6 :?8C65:6?ED]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcg``f^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f`d\df\36K?C@];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ{2C86 2DD@CE>6?E @7 G:2=D :? E9C66 4@?46?EC:4 4:C4=6D @? 2 >2?F724EFC:?8 =:?6Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcg``f^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f`d\df\36K?C@];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?m%C:==:@?D @7 5@D6D @7 >65:42E:@?D 2C6 AC@5F465 6G6CJ J62C H@C=5H:56] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^?6HD\A9@E@^A:4EFC6\D9@HD\G:2=D\@7\9F>6?K2\2?5\A2?6?K2\9`?`\7=F\?6HD\A9@E@^habccgf_Qm%9@>2D r@6I^pu! G:2 v6EEJ x>286Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
k9amt?8:?66C:?8 36EE6C 7:=EC2E:@? DEC2E68:6Dk^9am
kAms6DA:E6 :ED H:56DAC625 FD6[ DE6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]>6>D4:]a_ad]`ac`b_Qm92D 46CE2:? =:>:E2E:@?Dk^2m] |2?J ?6H 2?5 AC@>:D:?8 2AAC@2496D E@ 5CF8 56=:G6CJ – DF49 2D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^5CF8D\@7\E96\7FEFC6\H:==\36\62D:6C\2?5\72DE6C\E@\>2<6\E92?<D\E@\>C?2\27E6C\C6D62C496CD\H@C<\@FE\2\76H\C6>2:?:?8\<:?<D\a`d`hhQm>#}p E649?@=@8Jk^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^?2?@A2CE:4=6D\2C6\E96\7FEFC6\@7\>65:4:?6\C6D62C496CD\2C6\6IA6C:>6?E:?8\H:E9\?6H\H2JD\E@\56D:8?\E:?J\A2CE:4=6\EC62E>6?ED\7@C\42?46C\`g___hQm?2?@E649?@=@8Jk^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9:G\E96C2A:6D\4FCC6?E=J\?665\E@\36\E2<6?\C68F=2C=J\7@C\=:76\=@?86C\=2DE:?8\2?E:3@5J\EC62E>6?ED\4@F=5\@?6\52J\@776C\2?\6BF2==J\67764E:G6\@?6\D9@E\2=E6C?2E:G6\`ghgefQm>@?@4=@?2= 2?E:3@5:6Dk^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^EC:886C:?8\42?46C\46==D\E@\364@>6\?@C>2=\46==D\9@H\DE6>\46==\E96C2A:6D\42?\AC@G:56\?6H\H2JD\E@\DE@A\EF>@CD\7C@>\DAC625:?8\@C\8C@H:?8\324<\`h`ddhQm46== 2?5k^2m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^?6H\86?6\E96C2A:6D\>2J\D@@?\EC62E\5@K6?D\@7\C2C6\5:D62D6D\3FE\>:==:@?\5@==2C\AC:46\E28D\H:==\AFE\E96>\@FE\@7\C6249\7@C\>2?J\`echh_Qm86?6 E96C2A:6Dk^2m – 2=D@ :?EC@5F46 ?6H 492==6?86D 7@C DE6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? 2?5 5CF8 >2?F724EFC:?8]k^Am
kAmu@C 6I2>A=6[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__f^D`ba_d\_`c\_a`c\_Qm?2?@6>F=D:@?D 2C6 2 >:IEFC6k^2m @7 @:= 2?5 H2E6C 4@>>@?=J FD65 E@ 96=A 5CF8D EC2G6= E9C@F89 E96 3@5J H96? E96J 5@?’E 62D:=J 5:DD@=G6 :? H2E6C] %96D6 A2CE:4=6D 2C6 D:>:=2C :? D:K6 E@ E96 >6>3C2?6 A@C6Dj :7 E96J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__a^;D56]`adf`Qm4=F>A E@86E96Ck^2m[ E96J 42? 3=@4< E96 A@C6D D@ ?@E9:?8 A2DD6D E9C@F89 E96 7:=E6C] (96? E96 A@C6D 2C6 4@>A=6E6=J 4=@8865[ ?@ >@C6 >2E6C:2= 42? A2DD E9C@F89 E96 7:=E6C]k^Am
kAm%9:?< @7 E9:D AC@46DD =:<6 ECJ:?8 E@ AFD9 2 4C@H5 @7 A6@A=6 H62C:?8 =2C86 324<A24<D E9C@F89 2 D:?8=6[ ?2CC@H 5@@CH2J] x7 2 76H A6@A=6 86E DEF4<[ E96J 3=@4< E96 5@@C 7@C 6G6CJ@?6 6=D6]k^Am
kAm|@C6@G6C[ H96? E96D6 A2CE:4=6D 86E DEF4< @? E96 DFC7246 @7 E96 7:=E6C[ E96 6IA6?D:G6 5CF8 AC@5F4ED E96J’C6 42CCJ:?8 2C6 2=D@ EC2AA65 2?5 =@DE] {@D:?8 E96D6 A2CE:4=6D :? E96 7:=E6C C6DF=ED :? 9F86 64@?@>:4 =@DD6D] u@C 9:89\G2=F6 3:@A92C>246FE:42= AC@5F4ED[ 2 D:?8=6 72:=65 @C C6;64E65 32E49 >2J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3:@AC@46DD:?E=]4@>^3:@2?2=JE:42=\>6E9@5D^3:@E649\724:=:E:6D\2G6C286\2\32E49\72:=FC6\6G6CJ\c_\e\H66<DQm4@DE >:==:@?D @7 5@==2CDk^2m :? C2H >2E6C:2=D[ AC@46DD:?8[ :?G6DE:82E:@? 2?5 AC@5F4E:@? 5@H?E:>6]k^Am
kAm|J E62> 2?5 x 6I2>:?65 5:776C6?E E649?:BF6D E@ 96=A 7:?5 D@=FE:@?D E@ E96D6 492==6?86D] (6 7@F?5 E92E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]>6>D4:]a_ac]`abbf_Qm5F2=\=2J6C >6>3C2?6Dk^2m – H96C6 E96 E@A =2J6C 92D =2C86C A@C6D 2?5 E96 3@EE@> 92D D>2==6C A@C6D – 42? :?4C62D6 2 7:=E6C’D 42A24:EJ 3J >@C6 E92? d_T :? D@>6 42D6D 2?5 :?4C62D6 J:6=5 E@ @G6C hcT]k^Am
kAm(6 2=D@ 7@F?5 E92E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`__a^3EAC]f__gfQm49@@D:?8 E96 C:89E AC67:=E6Ck^2m 3J 4@?D:56C:?8 A@C6 D:K6 2?5 5:DEC:3FE:@?[ 2D H6== 2D E96 496>:42= AC@A6CE:6D @7 :ED DFC7246[ 42? C65F46 J:6=5 =@DD 3J @G6C `_T] p55:E:@?2==J[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^2:496]4@?76I]4@>^2:496^a_ad^AC6=:>]48:^!2A6C^f`_`deQmAC6\H6EE:?8 7:=E6CDk^2m H:E9 2 DA64:7:4 496>:42= 42? :?4C62D6 E96 2>@F?E @7 ?2?@6>F=D:@?D A2DD:?8 E9C@F89 A@C6D 367@C6 E96J 4=@8]k^Am
k9am$64FC:?8 E96 32E49k^9am
kAm%96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]AC64656?46C6D62C49]4@>^DE6C:=6\7:=EC2E:@?\>2C<6EQm8=@32= >2C<6Ek^2m 7@C DE6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? :D 6DE:>2E65 E@ 8C@H 7C@> @G6C &$Sd 3:==:@? :? a_ae E@ ?62C=J S`b 3:==:@? 3J a_bd]k^Am
kAmpD E96 A92C>246FE:42= :?5FDECJ 4@?E:?F6D E@ 56G6=@A 4@>A=6I E96C2A:6D[ <66A:?8 E96D6 5CF8D D276 2?5 277@C523=6 C6BF:C6D DE6C:=:K2E:@? >6E9@5D E@ 6G@=G6] &?56CDE2?5:?8 E96 :?EC:42E6 :?E6C24E:@?D 36EH66? 5CF8 >@=64F=6D 2?5 >6>3C2?6 7:=E6CD 42? 96=A C6D62C496CD 7:?5 H2JD E@ <66A E96 >2?F724EFC:?8 A:A6=:?6D 7=@H:?8 H9:=6 D2768F2C5:?8 E96 32E49]k^Am
kAm$64FC:?8 E96D6 >:4C@D4@A:4 82E6D 96=AD 6?DFC6 E92E E96 ?6IE 86?6C2E:@? @7 =:76D2G:?8 >65:4:?6D H:== 36 D276[ C6=:23=6 2?5 2446DD:3=6 E@ E96 A2E:6?ED H9@ ?665 E96> >@DE]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afhheaQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^D9C6J2\<2A:=2\aebega_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afhheaQm$9C6J2 z2A:=2k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^A6??\DE2E6\`adgnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afhheaQm!6?? $E2E6k^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^D6A2C2E:?8\>@=64F=6D\:D\2\9:89=J\6?6C8J\:?E6?D:G6\3FE\6DD6?E:2=\A2CE\@7\5CF8\56G6=@A>6?E\56D2=:?2E:@?\2?5\@E96C\:?5FDEC:2=\AC@46DD6D\:>AC@G:?8\>6>3C2?6D\42?\96=A\a`b_adnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afhheaQm$6A2C2E:?8 >@=64F=6D :D 2 9:89=J 6?6C8J‑:?E6?D:G6 3FE 6DD6?E:2= A2CE @7 5CF8 56G6=@A>6?E[ 56D2=:?2E:@? 2?5 @E96C :?5FDEC:2= AC@46DD6D – :>AC@G:?8 >6>3C2?6D 42? 96=Ak^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@=@C25@\H2D\E96\7:CDE\DE2E6\E@\42A\2\5CF8D\AC:46\E96?\2\7656C2=\4@FCE\DE6AA65\:?\agf_cbnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afhheaQmr@=@C25@ H2D E96 7:CDE DE2E6 E@ 42A 2 5CF8’D AC:46 – E96? 2 7656C2= 4@FCE DE6AA65 :?k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^D@>6\?6H\5CF8D\2C6?E\24EF2==J\?6H\A92C>246FE:42=\4@>A2?:6D\6IA=@:E\A2E6?ED\2?5\C2:D6\AC:46D\7@C\A2E:6?ED\3FE\52E2\EC2?DA2C6?4J\42?\96=A\AC@E64E\:??@G2E:@?\adghghnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\afhheaQm$@>6 ?6H 5CF8D 2C6?’E 24EF2==J ‘?6H’ – A92C>246FE:42= 4@>A2?:6D 6IA=@:E A2E6?ED 2?5 C2:D6 AC:46D 7@C A2E:6?ED[ 3FE 52E2 EC2?DA2C6?4J 42? 96=A AC@E64E :??@G2E:@?k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?mx 92G6 AC6G:@FD=J C646:G65 C6D62C49 7F?5:?8 7C@> |6C4< $92CA U2>Aj s@9>6 {{r 7@C >J !9s H@C< @? DE6C:=6 7:=EC2E:@? 2?5 5CF8 AC@5F4E AC@46DD:?8] %96 G:6HD 6IAC6DD65 :? E9:D 2CE:4=6 2C6 >J @H? 2?5 5@ ?@E ?646DD2C:=J C67=64E E9@D6 @7 |6C4<]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^afhhea^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
