When survivors of trauma recount their experiences, they are often questioned because of how they relay their stories. They may have problems remembering what happened, or their memories may be jumbled or even contradictory. People hearing those stories – attorneys, reporters, healthcare workers or friends – may expect a clearer, linear narrative.
Those unaffected by trauma may also be surprised to hear how the person acted in the moment. It’s easy to assume that someone experiencing a traumatic event would have a “fight or flight” response, instinctively fighting off a perpetrator or fleeing the scene – but that might not be the case.
kAm&?56CDE2?5:?8 E96 D4:6?46 @7 9@H EC2F>2 27764ED >6>@CJ 2?5 3692G:@C C6G62=D H9J E96D6 C6DA@?D6D 42? 24EF2==J 36 6IA64E65 2?5 2C6 ?@E 4@?EC25:4E@CJ]k^Am
kAmx? 3@E9 >J 24256>:4 2?5 4=:?:42= H@C< k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D49@=2C]8@@8=6]4@>^4:E2E:@?DnFD6ClGwx3{J4ppppyU2>Aj9=l6?Qm2D 2 ADJ49@=@8:DEk^2m[ x 92G6 H:E?6DD65 E96 :>A24E EC2F>2 92D @? A6@A=6’D >6>@C:6D 2?5 3692G:@CD[ 6DA64:2==J H96? 2? 6G6?E :? E96:C AC6D6?E =:76 EC:886CD D@>6E9:?8 7C@> E96:C A2DE]k^Am
kAm#6D62C49 D9@HD E92E E2<:?8 2 EC2F>2\:?7@C>65 2AAC@249[ H9:49 AC:@C:E:K6D F?56CDE2?5:?8 2?5 4FC:@D:EJ 23@FE D@>6@?6’D 6IA6C:6?46 2D @AA@D65 E@ ;F58>6?E @C 4C:E:42= 6G2=F2E:@?[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bhag^acfcgb_f\a_`f_bag\_`Qm:?4C62D6D 6>A2E9J 7@C DFCG:G@CD’k^2m E9@F89ED[ 766=:?8D 2?5 3692G:@CD]k^Am
k9amw@H EC2F>2 27764ED E96 3C2:?k^9am
kAmp44@C5:?8 E@ E96 (@C=5 w62=E9 ~C82?:K2E:@?[ 2AAC@I:>2E6=J f_T @7 A6@A=6 H@C=5H:56 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]H9@]:?E^?6HD\C@@>^724E\D966ED^56E2:=^A@DE\EC2F>2E:4\DEC6DD\5:D@C56CQmC6A@CE 6IA6C:6?4:?8 2 EC2F>2E:4 6G6?Ek^2m :? E96:C =:76E:>6] %96 >2;@C:EJ @7 E96D6 A6@A=6 5@ ?@E 56G6=@A !%$s[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]2A2]@C8^E@A:4D^AED5Qm2 4=:?:42= 5:28?@D:D @7 DJ>AE@>Dk^2m[ DF49 2D 92G:?8 ?:89E>2C6D 2?5 7=2D9324<D 23@FE E96 6G6?E[ 2G@:5:?8 A=246D E92E 2C6 C6>:?56CD @7 :E[ 2?5 :?4C62D65 2C@FD2= E92E 42? >2<6 4@?46?EC2E:@? 2?5 D=66A 5:77:4F=E] |2?J DFCG:G@CD 5@?’E >66E 4C:E6C:2 7@C !%$s 3FE DECF88=6 H:E9 766=:?8 5:DEC6DD65[ 56AC6DD65 @C 2?I:@FD]k^Am
kAmx? EC2F>2E:4 D:EF2E:@?D[ A6@A=6 @7E6? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]AED5]G2]8@G^F?56CDE2?5^:D:EAED5^4@>>@?0C624E:@?D]2DAQmC6DA@?5 :? F?6IA64E65 H2JDk^2m[ 2?5 E96J >2J D64@?5\8F6DD E96>D6=G6D] %9:D >2J 92AA6? A2CE:4F=2C=J H96? D@>6@?6 6IA6C:6?46D 2 C6A62E65 EC2F>2[ H9:49 :D >@C6 =:<6=J E92? ?@E 5F6 E@ 9@H >2?J A6@A=6 6IA6C:6?46 EC2F>2E:4 6G6?ED]k^Am
kAm%C2F>2 2=D@ 5:DE@CED 9@H k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?:423>]4@>^EC2F>2\9@H\EC2F>2\42?\:>A24E\c\EJA6D\@7\>6>@CJ\:?7@8C2A9:4^Qm>6>@C:6D 2C6 DE@C65 2?5 C6EC:6G65k^2m]k^Am
kAm#6D62C49 :?5:42E6D E92E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_bg^Dc`dhb\_ab\_`cgb\dQmA6@A=6 6IA6C:6?46 EC2F>2E:4 >6>@C:6D 5:776C6?E=Jk^2m E92? >6>@C:6D @7 @E96C D:8?:7:42?E 6G6?ED[ DF49 2D D25 @C A@D:E:G6 6IA6C:6?46D] %H@ @7 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]9@A<:?D>65:4:?6]@C8^962=E9^4@?5:E:@?D\2?5\5:D62D6D^2?2E@>J\@7\E96\3C2:?Qm>2:? 3C2:? DECF4EFC6Dk^2m D4:6?E:DED 36=:6G6 2C6 :?G@=G65 :? DE@C:?8 EC2F>2E:4 >6>@C:6D 2C6 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>J]4=6G6=2?54=:?:4]@C8^962=E9^3@5J^9:AA@42>AFDQm9:AA@42>AFDk^2m – C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C >6>@CJ DE@C286 – 2?5 E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^>J]4=6G6=2?54=:?:4]@C8^962=E9^3@5J^acghc\2>J852=2Qm2>J852=2k^2m[ H9:49 :D C6DA@?D:3=6 7@C AC@46DD:?8 6>@E:@?D]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3@DE@?EC:2=D]4@>^9@H\EC2F>2\492?86D\E96\3C2:?^RP^QmsFC:?8 EC2F>2k^2m[ E96 2>J852=2 364@>6D 9:89=J 24E:G6[ AC@46DD:?8 6>@E:@?D DF49 2D 762C[ 2?5 E96 9:AA@42>AFD 364@>6D @G6CH96=>65 3J DEC6DD[ =625:?8 E@ AC@3=6>D H:E9 >6>@CJ DE@C286]k^Am
kAm%C2F>2E:4 >6>@C:6D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]`_`e^;]4AC]a_`g]_g]__dQm5@ ?@E 7@==@H 2 ?62E[ =:?62C DE@CJk^2m] x?DE625[ A6@A=6 >2J 6IA6C:6?46 E96 >6>@CJ 2D 5:D4@??64E65 7C28>6?ED @7 D6?D2E:@?D[ 6>@E:@?D[ D>6==D @C :>286D] $F49 >6>@C:6D 42FD6 E96 3@5J E@ C66IA6C:6?46 E96 A2DE E9C62E 2D :7 :E :D 92AA6?:?8 :? E96 >@>6?E] %9:D >2J 42FD6 2 A6CD@? E@ 766= =:<6 CF??:?8 2H2J @C 7:89E:?8 324< – 7=:89E @C 7:89E] ~C E96J >2J 7C66K6]k^Am
kAmx? @E96C H@C5D[ A6@A=6 5@?’E 92G6 E96 5:DE2?E A6CDA64E:G6 E96J @7E6? 766= H:E9 @E96C >6>@C:6D 7C@> E96 A2DE] #2E96C[ E96J >2J 766= E96J 2C6 C6=:G:?8 E96 @C:8:?2= 6IA6C:6?46]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcf_dc^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f_h\df\AK>>5E];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ$:?8=6 H@C<:?8 >@E96C 2?5 96C E66?286 52F89E6C E2=< H:E9 >F49 6>@E:@? :? E96 <:E496?]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcf_dc^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f_h\df\AK>>5E];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?mt>@E:@?2==J :?E6?D6 4@?G6CD2E:@?D 42? 3C:?8 FA A2DE EC2F>2D[ 42FD:?8 2 A6CD@? E@ 7C66K6 @C 766= ?F>3] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^A9@E@^D:?8=6\H@C<:?8\>@E96C\2?5\96C\E66?286\8:C=\E2=<:?8\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:>286^`cdf`_b`h_nD62C49D4@A6l:>286Tar7:=>Qm~=82 #@=6?<@^|@>6?E G:2 v6EEJ x>286Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
k9am|:D:?E6CAC6E:?8 G:4E:>D’ 3692G:@CDk^9am
kAm(:E9 E9:D F?56CDE2?5:?8[ 4@?D:56C D@>6@?6 H9@ 6IA6C:6?46D 2 EC2F>2 2E E96 92?5D @7 2 AC@76DD:@?2= 5FC:?8 2? 2AA@:?E>6?E] %96J >2J 2AA62C @FEH2C5=J 42=> H9:=6 :E 92AA6?D 2?5 E96? =62G6 E96 D6DD:@? 2D E96J EJA:42==J H@F=5 – 4964<:?8 @FE[ AC@G:5:?8 A2J>6?E 2?5 A@DD:3=J 6G6? D4965F=:?8 E96 ?6IE 2AA@:?E>6?E] (9:=6 E96:C C6DA@?D6 E@ 24E ?@C>2==J >2J D66> @55[ DF49 3692G:@C >2<6D D6?D6 7@C D@>6@?6 ECJ:?8 E@ 6D42A6 2 E9C62E]k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]962=E9=:?6]4@>^962=E9^>6?E2=\962=E9^7:89E\7=:89E\7C66K6Qmu:89E[ 7=:89E @C 7C66K6 C6DA@?D6Dk^2m 92G6 364@>6 H:56=J <?@H? :? A@AF=2C 4F=EFC6] x? 2 7C66K6 C6DA@?D6[ 2 A6CD@?’D >:?5 8@6D 3=2?< 2?5 E96J >2J 36 F?23=6 E@ DA62<[ =625:?8 E@ 2 “566C :? E96 9625=:89ED” 3692G:@C]k^Am
kAm~? E96 @E96C 92?5[ 2 A6CD@? >2J 24E A2C25@I:42==J – A6C92AD 3J 8@:?8 @? 23@FE E96:C 52J 2D :7 ?@E9:?8 92AA6?65] %96J >2J ?@E C6A@CE E96 6G6?E @C >2J BF6DE:@? H96E96C E96 :?4:56?E 6G6? @44FCC65] %9:D C6AC6D6?ED 2?@E96C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^C2:??]@C8^>6?E2=\962=E9\E96C2AJ\DFAA@CE\27E6C\D6IF2=\G:@=6?46^7:89E\7=:89E\7C66K6\2?5\72H?\F?56CDE2?5:?8\DFCG:G2=\C6DA@?D6D^QmDFCG:G2= C6DA@?D6 – E96 =6DD6C\<?@H? 72H? C6DA@?D6k^2m] %9:D H2J @7 92?5=:?8 DEC6DD @44FCD H96? D@>6@?6 24ED 42=>[ 2AA62D6D E96 E9C62E6?:?8 A6CD@? 2?5 C6EC62ED E@ 56\6D42=2E6 E96 D:EF2E:@?] x?DE625 @7 =:E6C2==J 324<:?8 2H2J[ :? E9:D 6I2>A=6[ E96 A6CD@? >6E2A9@C:42==J 324<D 2H2J 3J 4@>A=6E:?8 E96 D6DD:@? 2?5 6I:E:?8 2D 6IA64E65 H:E9@FE 7FCE96C 4@?7=:4E]k^Am
kAm~FED:56CD >2J >:D4@?DECF6 E96D6 3692G:@CD 2D 6G:56?46 E92E 2 EC2F>2 5:5 ?@E 24EF2==J 92AA6? @C E92E 2 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``ff^_ggeae_da_hfg`h_QmDFCG:G@C =24<D 4C65:3:=:EJk^2m] qFE E92E =@8:4 C67=64ED 4@>>@? >:D4@?46AE:@?D 23@FE 9@H A6@A=6 “D9@F=5” C6>6>36C @C C6DA@?5 E@ EC2F>2]k^Am
kAmx7 E9:D H2D E96 A6CD@?’D 7:CDE 6IA6C:6?46 H:E9 2 EC2F>2E:4 D:EF2E:@?[ 27E6CH2C5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?:>9]?:9]8@G^962=E9^E@A:4D^4@A:?8\H:E9\EC2F>2E:4\6G6?EDQmE96J 2C6 =:<6=J E@ 766=k^2m 27C2:5[ 5:D@C:6?E65 @C 9JA6C2=6CE] w@H6G6C[ :7 E96J 925 AC6G:@FD D:>:=2C 6IA6C:6?46D[ E9:D D46?2C:@ >2J EC:886C A2DE >6>@C:6D :? E96 >@>6?E] %9:D 42? >F55J E96 6IA6C:6?46 6G6? 7FCE96C[ >2<:?8 :E 5:77:4F=E E@ C642== E96 :?4:56?E =2E6C[ 6DA64:2==J F?56C DEC6DD7F= 4:C4F>DE2?46D]k^Am
kAm(96? 2 DFCG:G@C C6A@CED 2? :?4:56?E 2?5 F=E:>2E6=J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^?2E:@?2=>282K:?6]42^6?\42^2CE:4=6D^:?\56AE9^a_ac^F?56CDE2?5:?8\E96\:>A24E\@7\EC2F>2\@?\H:E?6DD\E6DE:>@?JQmE6DE:7:6D 282:?DE D@>6@?6 H9@ 92C>65 E96>k^2m[ >6>@CJ C642== >:89E 36 F?:BF6=J 27764E65] |@DE A6@A=6 :? E9:D D:EF2E:@? H@F=5 36 9:89=J DEC6DD65[ 6DA64:2==J :7 E96 A6CA6EC2E@C H6C6 :? E96 C@@>]k^Am
kAm%@ >2<6 >2EE6CD H@CD6[ E96 766=:?8 E92E E96 C642==65 >6>@CJ :D 24EF2==J 92AA6?:?8 :? E96 >@>6?E 2?5 ?@E :? E96 A2DE >2J 42FD6 2 DFCG:G@C E@ 4@?G6J 2 >@C6 7C28>6?E65 DE@CJ] %96J >2J 2=D@ 92G6 6:E96C 2 >@C6 :?E6?D6 @C 56E24965 6>@E:@?2= 6IA6C:6?46[ 56A6?5:?8 @? E96:C @H? EC2F>2 C6DA@?D6D]k^Am
kAm{682= 2?5 @E96C AC@76DD:@?2=D F?2H2C6 @7 E96 C2?86 @7 ?2EFC2= C6DA@?D6D E@ EC2F>2 42? 62D:=J >:D:?E6CAC6E E96D6 3692G:@CD 2D D:8?D @7 =J:?8 @C >2=:?86C:?8]k^Am
kAmx? C62=:EJ[ E96 A6C46?E286 @7 A6@A=6 H9@ 72=D6=J C6A@CE D6IF2= 2DD2F=E[ 7@C 6I2>A=6[ :D =@H – k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``ff^`_ffg_`a`_bgffcfQm36EH66? aT 2?5 `_Tk^2m]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcgcfa^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f`e\f`\I_JA62];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQ%H@ >:55=6\2865 >6? @7 5:G6CD6 C24:2= 324<8C@F?5D 6?8286 :? 2? :?E:>2E6 4@?G6CD2E:@? H9:=6 D:EE:?8 :? 2 =:G:?8 C@@>]Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fcgcfa^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_f`e\f`\I_JA62];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?mt>A2E9J 42? 3F:=5 ECFDE 2?5 D276EJ] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]86EEJ:>286D]4@>^56E2:=^A9@E@^>6?\@?\:?E:>2E6\E2=<\@?\>6?E2=\962=E9\492==6?86D\C@J2=EJ\7C66\:>286^a`e`c_`fbfnA9C2D6l6>A2E9JU2>AjD62C49D4@A6l:>286Tar7:=>QmpK>2?{^tZ G:2 v6EEJ x>286Dk^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
k9am!C@G:5:?8 36EE6C DFAA@CEk^9am
kAm#6D62C49 D9@HD E92E A6@A=6 H9@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bhag^acfcgb_f\a_`f_bag\_`Qm36EE6C F?56CDE2?5 ?F2?46D @7 EC2F>2 2?5 >6?E2= 962=E9k^2m :? EFC? 2C6 >@C6 6>A2E96E:4 E@H2C5 DFCG:G@CD] $@>6 962=E942C6 D6EE:?8D 92G6 25@AE65 2 EC2F>2\:?7@C>65 2AAC@249 E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]fg`a^%!!^ab]`afQmAC6G6?E C6EC2F>2E:K2E:@? 2?5 3F:=5 D276EJk^2m] $EF5:6D D9@H E92E k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``be^ED24@\a_ac\__`ddgQm6G6? 36:?8 2EE6?E:G6 E@ H@C5 49@:46k^2m 42? 96=A 6?DFC6 67764E:G6 42C6 7@C A2E:6?ED E92E 2G@:5D G:4E:> 3=2>:?8]k^Am
kAmp EC2F>2\:?7@C>65 2AAC@249 42? 2=D@ :>AC@G6 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>:4932C]@C8^;@FC?2=^s6E2:=D^p?\:?EC@5F4E:@?\E@\EC2F>2\:?7@C>65\=2HJ6C:?8npCE:4=6xslcef`Qm=682= 2?5 ;FDE:46 DJDE6>Dk^2m D@ G:4E:>D 2C6 36EE6C DFAA@CE65] %9:D :?4=F56D F?56CDE2?5:?8 H9J 244@F?ED 2C6?’E =:?62C 2?5 ?@E 6BF2E:?8 >6>@CJ :?4@?D:DE6?4:6D H:E9 =J:?8]k^Am
kAm#6D62C49 2=D@ D9@HD E92E EC2F>2\:?7@C>65 C6DA@?D6D 2C6 6BF2==J :>A@CE2?E :? 6G6CJ52J C6=2E:@?D9:AD] x? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]bbh_^3D`c_c_agcQm7C:6?5D9:AD 2?5 4=@D6 C6=2E:@?D9:ADk^2m[ @C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^5@:]@C8^`_]``ff^`_ccbghcad`c_cdafQm:? E96 H@C<A=246k^2m[ A2E:6?46 2?5 6>A2E9J 4@?G6J 2 D6?D6 @7 C6DA64E[ D276EJ 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9:?6DD] %96D6 @776C 2 DEC@?8 7@F?52E:@? 7@C A@D:E:G6 D@4:2= 2?5 H@C<:?8 C6=2E:@?D9:AD[ H9:49 42? =@H6C 2 DFCG:G@C’D 5:DEC6DD 2?5 DFAA@CE E96:C 962=:?8]k^Am
kAm(96? A6@A=6 92G6 2 8C62E6C F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 9@H EC2F>2 27764ED E96 3C2:?[ E96J 82:? :?D:89E :?E@ 9@H DFCG:G@CD E9:?<[ 24E 2?5 AC@46DD E96:C >6>@C:6D] (92E :?:E:2==J =@@<D 4@?7FD:?8 @C :?4@?D:DE6?E :D 24EF2==J 3692G:@C E92E 7=@HD =@8:42==J 7C@> 2 EC2F>2E:K65 3C2:?]k^Am
kAmw2G:?8 2 EC2F>2\:?7@C>65 A6CDA64E:G6 96=AD A6@A=6 E@ 36 36EE6C 7C:6?5D[ 4@\H@C<6CD 2?5 AC@76DD:@?2=D] qJ 6IE6?D:@?[ C6DA@?5:?8 7C@> E9:D 2H2C6?6DD >2J 6G6? 96=A DFCG:G@CD F?56CDE2?5 E96:C @H? C624E:@?D 2?5 6IA6C:6?46D[ H9:49 >2J F=E:>2E6=J 2:5 E96:C 962=:?8 2?5 23:=:EJ E@ =625 7F=7:==:?8 =:G6D]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agcdbeQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^>:496=6\A2EE6CD@?\7@C5\hcd``gnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agcdbeQm|:496=6 !2EE6CD@? u@C5k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^5:4<:?D@?\4@==686\baggnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agcdbeQms:4<:?D@? r@==686k^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^2\E:<E@<\6IA6CE\D2JD\J@F\92G6\A@DE\EC2F>2E:4\DEC6DD\5:D@C56C\3FE\5@\J@F\2\EC2F>2\ADJ49:2EC:DE\6IA=2:?D\H92E\AED5\C62==J\:D\2?5\9@H\E@\D66<\96=A\aa_beanFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agcdbeQmp %:<%@< ‘6IA6CE’ D2JD J@F 92G6 A@DE‑EC2F>2E:4 DEC6DD 5:D@C56C − 3FE 5@ J@Fn p EC2F>2 ADJ49:2EC:DE 6IA=2:?D H92E !%$s C62==J :D 2?5 9@H E@ D66< 96=Ak^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^92C5\E@\EC62E\EC2F>2D\2?5\A2:?7F=\>6>@C:6D\>2J\36\EC62E23=6\H:E9\6>5C\2\EC2F>2\E96C2A:DE\6IA=2:?D\H9J\:E\:D\82:?:?8\A@AF=2C:EJ\aaca`hnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agcdbeQmw2C5‑E@‑EC62E EC2F>2D 2?5 A2:?7F= >6>@C:6D >2J 36 EC62E23=6 H:E9 t|s# – 2 EC2F>2 E96C2A:DE 6IA=2:?D H9J :E :D 82:?:?8 A@AF=2C:EJk^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H92E\:D\4@>A=6I\AED5\2?5\9@H\5@6D\:E\C6=2E6\E@\A2DE\23FD6\2?5\EC2F>2\`fachfnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agcdbeQm(92E :D 4@>A=6I !%$s 2?5 9@H 5@6D :E C6=2E6 E@ A2DE 23FD6 2?5 EC2F>2nk^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?m|:496=6 !2EE6CD@? u@C5 5@6D ?@E H@C< 7@C[ 4@?DF=E[ @H? D92C6D :? @C C646:G6 7F?5:?8 7C@> 2?J 4@>A2?J @C @C82?:K2E:@? E92E H@F=5 36?67:E 7C@> E9:D 2CE:4=6[ 2?5 92D 5:D4=@D65 ?@ C6=6G2?E 277:=:2E:@?D 36J@?5 E96:C 24256>:4 2AA@:?E>6?E]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^agcdbe^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
