The new director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Erica Schwartz, confirmed by the U.S. Senate on Aug. 5, 2026, is only the second CDC director to face Senate confirmation. Congress adopted the process for the agency after the COVID-19 pandemic to bring more scrutiny to one of the country’s most consequential public health jobs, as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023.
That change is especially important now. The CDC is tracking multiple measles outbreaks, investigating a multistate cyclospora outbreak linked to iceberg lettuce and other produce, and supporting the response to the second-largest Ebola outbreak in history unfolding in Central Africa. At the same time, the Trump administration is reshaping federal childhood vaccine recommendations in ways that could weaken protection against preventable disease for years to come.
kAmpD AF3=:4 962=E9 A@=:4J 364@>6D :?4C62D:?8=J A@=:E:4:K65 2?5 A@=2C:K:?8[ E96 rsr 5:C64E@C ?665D >@C6 E92? E649?:42= 6IA6CE:D6 2?5 A@=:E:42= D<:==] $96 >FDE 8:G6 E96 AF3=:4 4=62C[ 244FC2E6 8F:52?46[ :?4=F5:?8 H96? E96 6G:56?46 4@?7=:4ED H:E9 E96 AC676C6?46D @7 E96 AC6D:56?E @C E96 962=E9 D64C6E2CJ]k^Am
kAm$49H2CEK :D 2 C6E:C65 &]$] !F3=:4 w62=E9 $6CG:46D r@>>:DD:@?65 r@CAD C62C 25>:C2=[ H9@ H2D AC6G:@FD=J E96 49:67 >65:42= @77:46C H:E9 E96 r@2DE vF2C5 2?5 E96? E96 56AFEJ DFC86@? 86?6C2= 7C@> a_`h E@ a_a`]k^Am
kAmpD 6IA6CED :? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D49@=2C]8@@8=6]4@>^4:E2E:@?DnFD6Cl3Fb{x#DppppyU2>Aj9=l6?U2>Aj@:l2@Qm:?764E:@FD\5:D62D6k^2m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]36=76C46?E6C]@C8^A6CD@?^DJC2\>2525QmAC6A2C65?6DDk^2m[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^D49@=2C]8@@8=6]4@>^4:E2E:@?DnFD6Clx%suH5gppppyU2>Aj9=l6?Qm@FE3C62< C6DA@?D6k^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]3F]65F^46:5^23@FE\E96\46?E6C^E62>^?29:5\39256=:2\>5\>2=5^QmAF3=:4 962=E9 A@=:4Jk^2m[ H6 D66 $49H2CEK’D 4@?7:C>2E:@? AC@46DD 2D 4C:E:42= 7@C 2 C62D@? E92E 8@6D 36J@?5 E96 G@E6 :ED6=7]k^Am
kAm$6?2E6 C6G:6H 42? >2<6 2 ?@>:?66 2?DH6C AF3=:4=J 7@C 96C ;F58>6?E[ AC:@C:E:6D 2?5 H:==:?8?6DD E@ 5676?5 6G:56?46] qFE :E 42?’E 6?DFC6 D4:6?E:7:4 :?56A6?56?46 @C C6DE@C6 E96 A6@A=6[ DJDE6>D 2?5 AF3=:4 ECFDE E92E 5:D62D6 4@?EC@= C6BF:C6D] r@?7:C>2E:@? @A6?D 2 =:?6 @7 244@F?E23:=:EJ – :E 5@6D?’E 8F2C2?E66 9@H E96 5:C64E@C H:== FD6 :E]k^Am
kAm(92E >2EE6CD ?@H :D 9@H $49H2CEK FD6D E96 2FE9@C:EJ D96 92D – 2?5 H96E96C r@?8C6DD 2?5 E96 25>:?:DEC2E:@? 8:G6 E96 286?4J E96 42A24:EJ E@ 5@ :ED H@C<]k^Am
k9am$6?2E6 4@?7:C>2E:@? 4C62E6D 2 AF3=:4 C64@C5k^9am
kAmu@C >@DE @7 E96 rsr’D 9:DE@CJ[ E96 D64C6E2CJ @7 962=E9 2?5 9F>2? D6CG:46D D6=64E65 E96 286?4J’D 5:C64E@C H:E9@FE 2 $6?2E6 G@E6] r@?8C6DD 492?865 E92E 2CC2?86>6?E :? E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]=2H]4@C?6==]65F^FD4@56^E6IE^ca^aca4Qmr@?D@=:52E65 pAAC@AC:2E:@?D p4E @7 a_abk^2m] q68:??:?8 :? y2?F2CJ a_ad[ E96 AC6D:56?E ?@>:?2E6D E96 5:C64E@C[ 2?5 E96 $6?2E6 AC@G:56D :ED “25G:46 2?5 4@?D6?E]”k^Am
kAm%96 AC@46DD 255D D6G6C2= =2J6CD @7 C6G:6H] %96 (9:E6 w@FD6 D6=64ED 2?5 G6ED 2 ?@>:?66[ :?4=F5:?8 C6G:6H:?8 7:?2?4:2= :?E6C6DED 2?5 A@DD:3=6 4@?7=:4ED] %96 $6?2E6 r@>>:EE66 @? w62=E9[ t5F42E:@?[ {23@C 2?5 !6?D:@?D 6I2>:?6D E96 ?@>:?66’D C64@C5[ D66<D HC:EE6? 2?DH6CD 2?5 >2J 9@=5 2 AF3=:4 962C:?8] x7 E96 4@>>:EE66 25G2?46D E96 ?@>:?2E:@?[ E96 7F== $6?2E6 564:56D H96E96C E@ 4@?7:C> E96 ?@>:?66 3J 2 D:>A=6 >2;@C:EJ]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk2 2C:2\=236=lQ+@@>23=6 :>286Q 9C67lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fdc_hd^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_g`c\e_\C7e:dC];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQmk:>8 2=ElQtC:42 $49H2CEK 4=@D6FA :? 7C@?E @7 >:4C@A9@?6Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^7:=6D^fdc_hd^@C:8:?2=^7:=6\a_ae_g`c\e_\C7e:dC];A8n:I=:3lC3\c]`]`U2>AjBlcdU2>Aj2FE@l7@C>2EU2>Aj7:El4=:AQ ^mk^2mk7:842AE:@?mrsr s:C64E@C tC:42 $49H2CEK E6DE:7:6D 367@C6 E96 $6?2E6 r@>>:EE66 @? w62=E9[ t5F42E:@?[ {23@C 2?5 !6?D:@?D 5FC:?8 96C 4@?7:C>2E:@? 962C:?8 @? yF=J `d[ a_ae] k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^?6HDC@@>]2A]@C8^56E2:=^$6?2E6rsr$49H2CEK^`h_43h45fg_acfg53d_ch26h4g_22dd7^A9@E@Qmp! !9@E@^|2C:2> +F92:3k^2mk^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm%96 7:?2= k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4@?8C6DD]8@G^?@>:?2E:@?^``hE9\4@?8C6DD^hbaQmd`\cc G@E6 4@?7:C>65 $49H2CEKk^2m[ 3FE E96 >@C6 4@?D6BF6?E:2= A2CE @7 E96 AC@46DD H2D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]96=A]D6?2E6]8@G^962C:?8D^?@>:?2E:@?D\@7\D62?\<2F7>2?\E@\36\2DD:DE2?E\D64C6E2CJ\7@C\AC6A2C65?6DD\2?5\C6DA@?D6\7@C\E96\56A2CE>6?E\@7\962=E9\2?5\9F>2?\D6CG:46D\2?5\6C:42\D49H2CEK\E@\36\5:C64E@C\@7\E96\46?E6CD\7@C\5:D62D6\4@?EC@=\2?5\AC6G6?E:@?QmAF3=:4 C64@C5 :E 4C62E65k^2m] pE 96C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]96=A]D6?2E6]8@G^962C:?8D^?@>:?2E:@?D\@7\D62?\<2F7>2?\E@\36\2DD:DE2?E\D64C6E2CJ\7@C\AC6A2C65?6DD\2?5\C6DA@?D6\7@C\E96\56A2CE>6?E\@7\962=E9\2?5\9F>2?\D6CG:46D\2?5\6C:42\D49H2CEK\E@\36\5:C64E@C\@7\E96\46?E6CD\7@C\5:D62D6\4@?EC@=\2?5\AC6G6?E:@?QmyF=J `d 962C:?8k^2m[ D6?2E@CD AC6DD65 96C @? G244:?6D[ D4:6?E:7:4 :?E68C:EJ 2?5 9@H D96 H@F=5 92?5=6 A@=:E:42= AC6DDFC6] w6C 2?DH6CD 82G6 r@?8C6DD[ rsr DE277 2?5 E96 AF3=:4 2 DE2?52C5 282:?DE H9:49 E@ ;F586 96C 564:D:@?D]k^Am
kAm%92E :D E96 4=62C6DE 36?67:E @7 4@?7:C>2E:@?] p 962C:?8 42??@E 46CE:7J E92E 2 ?@>:?66 H:== 36 2 8@@5 D4:6?E:DE @C 2? 67764E:G6 >2?286C] $6?2E@CD >2J 2=D@ 6G2=F2E6 96C C6DA@?D6D E9C@F89 5:776C6?E A@=:E:42= =6?D6D] qFE E96 AC@46DD 7@C46D <6J BF6DE:@?D :?E@ AF3=:4 G:6H 367@C6 2 5:C64E@C E2<6D @77:46[ C2E96C E92? 27E6C 2 4C:D:D 92D 2=C625J 6IA@D65 5:D28C66>6?ED :?D:56 E96 8@G6C?>6?E[ 2?5 8:G6D r@?8C6DD 2 DEC@?86C 32D:D 7@C @G6CD:89E]k^Am
k9am~FE3C62<D H:== E6DE E96 286?4J[ ?@E ;FDE :ED 5:C64E@Ck^9am
kAm%96 rsr 5:C64E@C’D ;@3 42? D@F?5 23DEC24E H96? :E :D 5:D4FDD65 2D ;@3 5FE:6D 2?5 C6A@CE:?8 =:?6D] %96 724E E92E E96 &]$] :D 4FCC6?E=J 724:?8 >F=E:A=6 D:>F=E2?6@FD @FE3C62<D 7C@> 7@@53@C?6[ G244:?6\AC6G6?E23=6 2?5 K@@?@E:4 A2E9@86?D D9@HD E92E E96 ;@3 :D 72C 7C@> 23DEC24E – :E’D G6CJ 92?5D\@?]k^Am
kAm%96 rsr :D C6DA@?5:?8 E@ 4@?E:?F:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]454]8@G^>62D=6D^52E2\C6D62C49^:?56I]9E>=Qm>62D=6D @FE3C62<Dk^2m] pD @7 pF8] `b[ E96 286?4J C64@C565 a[dee 4@?7:C>65 >62D=6D 42D6D 2?5 bg @FE3C62<D :? a_ae – E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4:5C2A]F>?]65F^>62D=6D^>62D=6D\42D6D\C6249\bd\J62C\9:89\FDQm9:896DE ?F>36C @7 42D6D D:?46 `hh`k^2m] r@?E2:?:?8 >62D=6D C6BF:C6D 72DE 42D6 56E64E:@?[ G244:?2E:@?[ 4@?E24E EC24:?8 E@ DE@A :ED DAC625[ 2D H6== 2D 4=62C 4@>>F?:42E:@? H:E9 72>:=:6D 2?5 4=:?:4:2?D]k^Am
kAm%96 286?4J :D 2=D@ :?G6DE:82E:?8 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]454]8@G^4J4=@DA@C:2D:D^@FE3C62<D^_f\ae^:?56I]9E>=Qm>F=E:A=6 4J4=@DA@C2 @FE3C62<Dk^2m =:?<65 E@ :4636C8 =6EEF46 E92E 925 42FD65 >@C6 E92? h[cg` 4@?7:C>65 :==?6DD6D – :?4=F5:?8 EH@ 562E9D – :? `f DE2E6D 2D @7 pF8] d] %92E :?G6DE:82E:@? :D 2 C6>:?56C E92E @FE3C62< 4@?EC@= 56A6?5D @? 4@@C5:?2E:@? 2>@?8 6A:56>:@=@8:DED[ =23@C2E@C:6D[ 962=E9 56A2CE>6?ED[ C68F=2E@CD 2?5 E96 7@@5 :?5FDECJ]k^Am
kAm~G6CD62D[ E96 s6>@4C2E:4 #6AF3=:4 @7 r@?8@ :D 6IA6C:6?4:?8 E96 =2C86DE t3@=2 @FE3C62< C64@C565 :? E96 4@F?ECJ’D 9:DE@CJ] %96 @FE3C62< :?G@=G6D 2 DEC2:? @7 E96 G:CFD 42==65 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^63@=2\DEC2:?\DAC625:?8\:?\4@?8@\2?5\F82?52\92D\?@\2AAC@G65\G244:?6\agbaa`QmqF?5:3F8J@[ 7@C H9:49 E96C6 :D ?@ =:46?D65 G244:?6k^2m @C DA64:7:4 EC62E>6?E] pD @7 yF=J b_[ E96 (@C=5 w62=E9 ~C82?:K2E:@? 925 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]H9@]:?E^6>6C86?4:6D^5:D62D6\@FE3C62<\?6HD^:E6>^a_ae\s~}e`cQmC6A@CE65 >@C6 E92? b[e__ 4@?7:C>65 42D6Dk^2m 24C@DD E96 s#r 2?5 &82?52[ 2?5 D6G6C2= EC2G6=\2DD@4:2E65 42D6D EC62E65 6=D6H96C6] p? @FE3C62< 2E E92E D42=6 42==D 7@C :?E6C?2E:@?2= DFCG6:==2?46 2?5 =23@C2E@CJ 4@@A6C2E:@? 6G6? H96? E96 :>>65:2E6 C:D< E@ >@DE p>6C:42?D :D =@H]k^Am
kAm|62?H9:=6[ E96 %CF>A 25>:?:DEC2E:@? – 8F:565 3J E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^C7<\;C\8FED\E96\FD\49:=59@@5\G244:?6\D4965F=6\56DA:E6\:ED\564256D\=@?8\D276EJ\C64@C5\afafggQmDE2?46 @7 ww$ $64C6E2CJ #@36CE u] z6??65J yC]k^2m – 92D 5:C64E65 492?86D E@ E96 7656C2= 49:=59@@5 :>>F?:K2E:@? D4965F=6 E92E 56A2CE 7C@> E96 =@?8\DE2?5:?8 6G:56?46\C6G:6H AC@46DD FD65 E@ 56G6=@A G244:?6 C64@>>6?52E:@?D 2?5 92G6 2=2C>65 AF3=:4 962=E9 6IA6CED]k^Am
kAm%96D6 @FE3C62<D 2C6 42FD65 3J 5:776C6?E A2E9@86?D[ 3FE 6249 C6=:6D @? E96 D2>6 F?56C=J:?8 2DD6EDi E:>6=J 52E2[ DA64:2=:K65 DE277[ 7F?4E:@?:?8 =23@C2E@C:6D[ 4@@A6C2E:@? H:E9 DE2E6 2?5 :?E6C?2E:@?2= A2CE?6CD[ 2?5 4@>>F?:42E:@? E92E A6@A=6 7:?5 ECFDEH@CE9J] *6E 56DA:E6 E96D6 @?8@:?8 AC6DD:?8 AF3=:4 962=E9 ?665D[ 36EH66? y2?F2CJ a_ad 2?5 yF?6 a_ae E96 %CF>A 25>:?:DEC2E:@? 4FE E96 rsr H@C<7@C46 3J ?62C=J @?6\E9:C5[ 244@C5:?8 E@ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^52E2]@A>]8@G^6IA=@C6\52E2^52E2^E23=6\3F:=56CQm52E2 7C@> E96 ~77:46 @7 !6CD@??6= |2?286>6?Ek^2m]k^Am
kAm}@ 5:C64E@C[ 9@H6G6C 42A23=6[ 42? >2<6 FA 7@C k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9@H\4FED\E@\454\2C6\5:D>2?E=:?8\:ED\42A24:EJ\E@\AC@E64E\2>6C:42?D\962=E9\agcag_Qm>:DD:?8 6A:56>:@=@8:DEDk^2m[ =23@C2E@CJ 6IA6CED[ 52E2 DJDE6>D[ 2?5 DE2E6 2?5 =@42= 42A24:EJ] |2:?E2:?:?8 E9@D6 6DD6?E:2=D C6BF:C6D E96 7656C2= 8@G6C?>6?E E@ AC@G:56 DE625J 7F?5:?8 2?5 =@?8\E6C> DFAA@CE[ C2E96C E92? 6IA64E:?8 2 rsr 5:C64E@C E@ 5@ >@C6 H:E9 76H6C A6@A=6 2?5 C6D@FC46D]k^Am
k9amp44@F?E23:=:EJ :D ?@E E96 D2>6 2D :?56A6?56?46k^9am
kAm$6?2E6 4@?7:C>2E:@? 8:G6D $49H2CEK 2 >62DFC6 @7 56>@4C2E:4 =68:E:>24J] %96 AC6D:56?E ?@>:?2E65 96C[ D6?2E@CD 6I2>:?65 96C C64@C5[ 2?5 2 >2;@C:EJ 4@?D6?E65 E@ 96C 2AA@:?E>6?E]k^Am
kAmxE 5@6D ?@E A=246 96C @FED:56 AC6D:56?E:2= 4@?EC@=] w6C C6DA@?D6D 2E E96 4@?7:C>2E:@? 962C:?8 92G6 2=C625J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?JE:>6D]4@>^a_ae^_f^`d^962=E9^454\6C:42\D49H2CEK]9E>=QmC2:D65 4@?46C?Dk^2m 23@FE H96E96C D96 H@F=5 DE2?5 FA 282:?DE A@=:E:42= AC6DDFC6 7C@> E96 w62=E9 2?5 wF>2? $6CG:46D D64C6E2CJ E@ >2:?E2:? 6G:56?46\32D65 A@=:4J]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:7C2>6 H:5E9lQcc_Q 96:89ElQae_Q DC4lQ9EEADi^^HHH]J@FEF36]4@>^6>365^pq$?`Ahx$K"nH>@56lEC2?DA2C6?EU2>AjDE2CEl_Q 7C2>63@C56ClQ_Q 2==@H7F==D4C66?lQQmk^:7C2>6mk7:842AE:@?m$49H2CEK H:== 92G6 E@ EC625 2 ?2CC@H A2E9 :? FA9@=5:?8 E96 rsr’D >:DD:@? E@ D2768F2C5 AF3=:4 962=E9 :? E96 7246 @7 A@=:E:42= AC6DDFC6]k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
kAm%96 rsr D:ED H:E9:? ww$[ 2?5 E96 rsr 5:C64E@C 92D ?6:E96C 2 7:I65 DE2EFE@CJ E6C> ?@C 6IA=:4:E 4@?8C6DD:@?2= AC@E64E:@? 7C@> 36:?8 7:C65] $49H2CEK H:== 92G6 E@ 25G:D6 A@=:E:42= =6256CD[ 42CCJ @FE =2H7F= 25>:?:DEC2E:@? A@=:4J 2?5[ 2E E:>6D[ 6IA=2:? 6G:56?46 E92E >2J 36 A@=:E:42==J :?4@?G6?:6?E E@ E9@D6 :? A@H6C]k^Am
kAmx7 r@?8C6DD H2?ED 2 rsr 5:C64E@C H9@ 42? 7@==@H E96 6G:56?46[ :E H@F=5 ?665 E@ HC:E6 E92E 2FE9@C:EJ :?E@ =2H 3J 8:G:?8 E96 rsr E96 2FE9@C:EJ E@ C6=62D6 46CE2:? 52E2 2?5 C64@>>6?52E:@?D H:E9@FE AC:@C 2AAC@G2= 7C@> A@=:E:42= @77:46D 2?5 C6BF:C6 E92E 2?J @G6CC:56 @7 E9@D6 ;F58>6?ED 36 5@4F>6?E65 2?5 5:D4=@D65] (:E9 DF49 2 492?86[ A@=:E:42= =6256CD H9@ @G6CCF=6 E96 D4:6?46 H@F=5 92G6 E@ 5@ D@ @? E96 AF3=:4 C64@C5]k^Am
kAm%96C6 :D AC64656?E 7@C E9:D 2AAC@249] x? a_`h[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4@?8C6DD]8@G^3:==^``dE9\4@?8C6DD^9@FD6\3:==^c`fcQmr@?8C6DD 6?24E65k^2m E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^52E27@F?52E:@?]@C8^?6HD^6G:56?46\24E\9F3^ffa^ffa\u@F?52E:@?D\7@C\tG:56?46\q2D65\!@=:4J>2<:?8\p4E\@7\a_`g\p\!C:>6CQmu@F?52E:@?D 7@C tG:56?46\q2D65 !@=:4J>2<:?8 p4Ek^2m[ H9:49 4@5:7:65 DE2?52C5D @7 E:>6=:?6DD[ 244FC24J 2?5 @3;64E:G:EJ 7@C 7656C2= DE2E:DE:42= 286?4:6D] &?56C E92E 7C2>6H@C<[ E96 rsr’D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]454]8@G^?49D^23@FE^:?E68C:EJ]9E>=Qm}2E:@?2= r6?E6C 7@C w62=E9 $E2E:DE:4Dk^2m @A6C2E6D H:E9 2FE9@C:EJ E@ C6=62D6 DE2E:DE:42= :?7@C>2E:@? H:E9@FE AC:@C A@=:E:42= 4=62C2?46 2?5 244@C5:?8 E@ AC656E6C>:?65 C6=62D6 D4965F=6D]k^Am
kAmr@?8C6DD 4@F=5 6IE6?5 D:>:=2C AC@E64E:@?D E@ @E96C rsr AC@5F4ED[ :?4=F5:?8 @FE3C62< C6A@CED[ 42D6 4@F?ED[ G244:?6 C64@>>6?52E:@?D 2?5 :ED AC:>2CJ D4:6?E:7:4 AF3=:42E:@?[ E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]454]8@G^>>HC^:?56I]9E>=Qm|@C3:5:EJ 2?5 |@CE2=:EJ (66<=J #6A@CEk^2m] s@:?8 D@ H@F=5 96=A AC@E64E E96 286?4J’D 4@C6 AF3=:4 962=E9 7F?4E:@?D 7C@> A@=:E:42= :?E6C76C6?46]k^Am
kAmx? 255:E:@?[ 3:==D DF49 2D E96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]4@?8C6DD]8@G^3:==^``hE9\4@?8C6DD^9@FD6\3:==^``_eQm$4:6?E:7:4 x?E68C:EJ p4Ek^2m[ H9:49 92D 366? :?EC@5F465 C6A62E65=J 3FE 92D ?@E A2DD65[ 4@F=5 C6BF:C6 7656C2= D4:6?46 286?4:6D[ :?4=F5:?8 E96 rsr[ E@ 25@AE 2?5 6?7@C46 D4:6?E:7:4 :?E68C:EJ A@=:4:6D E92E AC@E64E 42C66C D4:6?E:DED 2?5 >2:?E2:? D4:6?E:7:4 :?56A6?56?46]k^Am
kAmr@?7:C>2E:@? >2<6D E96 rsr 5:C64E@C >@C6 AF3=:4=J 244@F?E23=6] xED G2=F6 H:== F=E:>2E6=J 56A6?5 @? H96E96C $49H2CEK 2?5 E96 :?DE:EFE:@?D 2C@F?5 96C 2C6 23=6 E@ AC@E64E C:8@C@FD DFCG6:==2?46[ 42?5:5 4@>>F?:42E:@? 2?5 6G:56?46\32D65 C64@>>6?52E:@?D]k^Am
kAmk6>m%9:D 2CE:4=6 :D C6AF3=:D965 7C@> k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^FDnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<\_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQm%96 r@?G6CD2E:@?k^2m[ 2 ?@?AC@7:E[ :?56A6?56?E ?6HD @C82?:K2E:@? 3C:?8:?8 J@F 724ED 2?5 ECFDEH@CE9J 2?2=JD:D E@ 96=A J@F >2<6 D6?D6 @7 @FC 4@>A=6I H@C=5] xE H2D HC:EE6? 3Ji k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^DJC2\D\>2525\afdd_bgnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQm$JC2 $] |2525k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^92CG2C5\<6??65J\D49@@=\bgc_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQmw2CG2C5 z6??65J $49@@=k^2mk^6>m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^AC@7:=6D^?29:5\39256=:2\afdd_canFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQm}29:5 q9256=:2k^2m[ k6>mk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^:?DE:EFE:@?D^3@DE@?\F?:G6CD:EJ\ghgnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?l3J=:?6\=:?<U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQmq@DE@? &?:G6CD:EJk^2mk^6>mk^6>mk^Am
kAmkDEC@?8m#625 >@C6ik^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^H6\DEF5J\A2?56>:4D\2?5\E96\C6DFC86?46\@7\>62D=6D\:D\2\8C:>\D:8?\@7\H92ED\4@>:?8\afd_dhnFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<_U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQm(6 DEF5J A2?56>:4D[ 2?5 E96 C6DFC86?46 @7 >62D=6D :D 2 8C:> D:8? @7 H92E’D 4@>:?8k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^9@H\4FED\E@\454\2C6\5:D>2?E=:?8\:ED\42A24:EJ\E@\AC@E64E\2>6C:42?D\962=E9\agcag_nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<`U2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQmw@H 4FED E@ rsr 2C6 5:D>2?E=:?8 :ED 42A24:EJ E@ AC@E64E p>6C:42?D’ 962=E9k^2mk^=:mk=:mk2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^63@=2\DEC2:?\DAC625:?8\:?\4@?8@\2?5\F82?52\92D\?@\2AAC@G65\G244:?6\agbaa`nFE>0D@FC46l{66U2>AjFE>0>65:F>lC6=2E65\=:?<U2>AjFE>042>A2:8?lC6=2E65\=:?<aU2>AjFE>04@?E6?El2CE:4=6\agheffQmt3@=2 DEC2:? DAC625:?8 :? r@?8@ 2?5 &82?52 92D ?@ 2AAC@G65 G244:?6k^2mk^=:mk^F=m
kA 4=2DDlQ7:?6\AC:?EQmk6>mkDA2?m%96 2FE9@CD 5@ ?@E H@C< 7@C[ 4@?DF=E[ @H? D92C6D :? @C C646:G6 7F?5:?8 7C@> 2?J 4@>A2?J @C @C82?:K2E:@? E92E H@F=5 36?67:E 7C@> E9:D 2CE:4=6[ 2?5 92G6 5:D4=@D65 ?@ C6=6G2?E 277:=:2E:@?D 36J@?5 E96:C 24256>:4 2AA@:?E>6?E]k^DA2?mk^6>mk^Am
kAmk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^4@F?E6C]E964@?G6CD2E:@?]4@>^4@?E6?E^agheff^4@F?E]8:7n5:DEC:3FE@Cl=66Q DEJ=6lQ96:89Ei`AIjH:5E9i`AIjQ 2=ElQQ ^mk^Am
