![]()
Wondering what to drink before bed? Some beverages contain ingredients that have been studied for their potential effects on sleep, while others offer a warm, caffeine-free way to slow down and settle into your evening routine. From tart cherry juice and chamomile tea to warm milk and seasonal favorites, Naturepedic explains what the research says about drinks that may help you sleep.
k9bmz6J !@:?EDk^9bm
kF=mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6caf2edh643gedge7f7headh47e7cd7hdQmkDEC@?8m%2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 92D D@>6 @7 E96 >@DE 5:C64E D=66A C6D62C49 369:?5 :E[k^DEC@?8m E92?<D :? A2CE E@ :ED ?2EFC2==J @44FCC:?8 >6=2E@?:? 2?5 @E96C A=2?E 4@>A@F?5D]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ64`g5`_aeb665`b7265gfh57g4hd`bgheQmkDEC@?8mr92>@>:=6 E62 >2J DFAA@CE C6=2I2E:@? 2?5 D=66A BF2=:EJ[k^DEC@?8m 2?5 :ED ?2EFC2==J 42776:?6\7C66 AC@7:=6 >2<6D :E 2? 62DJ 7:E 7@C 365E:>6]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ64gcc6dbd46hbeb4c44e45ec`55hgb_e3QmkDEC@?8m(2C> >:=< 4@?E2:?D ECJAE@A92?k^DEC@?8m 2?5 42? 2=D@ D6CG6 2D 2 72>:=:2C[ 4@>7@CE:?8 4F6 E92E :E’D E:>6 E@ H:?5 5@H?]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6_37ef32b4274hdd74hf_7h_f6_5eafhhQmkDEC@?8m%96 G:C2= D=66AJ 8:C= >@4<E2:= 4@>3:?6D E2CE 496CCJ ;F:46[ >28?6D:F>[ 2?5 DA2C<=:?8 H2E6C]k^DEC@?8m |28?6D:F> DFAA=6>6?ED 42? :?E6C24E H:E9 46CE2:? >65:42E:@?D 2?5 2C6 ?@E 2AAC@AC:2E6 7@C 6G6CJ@?6]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6e5c665ae_a4_feea`bg7g_f27fgf2ca3QmkDEC@?8m*@FC @G6C2== 6G6?:?8 C@FE:?6 >2EE6CD[ E@@]k^DEC@?8m {:>:E:?8 42776:?6[ 2=4@9@=[ G6CJ DF82CJ 5C:?<D[ 2?5 =2C86 2>@F?ED @7 7=F:5 4=@D6 E@ 365E:>6 42? 96=A D6E E96 DE286 7@C 36EE6C C6DE]k^=:mk^F=m
k9bm(92E $9@F=5 *@F sC:?< q67@C6 q65nk^9bm
kAmx7 J@F H2?E 2 365E:>6 5C:?<[ DE2CE H:E9 D@>6E9:?8 42776:?6\7C66 E92E J@F 86?F:?6=J 6?;@J 2?5 42? H@C< :?E@ 2 4@?D:DE6?E H:?5\5@H? C@FE:?6] %2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 2?5 492>@>:=6 92G6 5:C64E D=66A C6D62C49 369:?5 E96>[ H9:=6 H2C> >:=<[ 8@=56? >:=<[ 2?5 2AA=6 4:56C 42? 4@>3:?6 A@E6?E:2==J 96=A7F= :?8C65:6?ED H:E9 E96 4@>7@CE @7 2 C6=2I:?8 ?:89EE:>6 C:EF2=]k^Am
k7:8FC6mk:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^:>286D]DE24<6C]4@>^H^`ag_^:>286D^DE@C:6D^a_ae^`_^`b^}2EFC6A65:4\365E:>6\5C:?<]A?8Q 2=ElQp E23=6 =:DE:?8 5:776C6?E EJA6D @7 5C:?<D 36DE 367@C6 365E:>6]Q DEJ=6lQH:5E9i `__TQ ^mk7:842AE:@?m}2EFC6A65:4k^7:842AE:@?mk^7:8FC6m
k9bmk3C ^md r@KJ sC:?<D %92E |2J w6=A *@F (:?5 s@H? q67@C6 q65k^9bm
kAm%96 36DE 365E:>6 5C:?< 56A6?5D @? H92E J@F 6?;@J[ H92E 28C66D H:E9 J@FC 3@5J[ 2?5 H92E 7:ED ?2EFC2==J :?E@ J@FC C@FE:?6]k^Am
kAmw6C6’D 2 4=@D6C =@@< 2E 7:G6 A@AF=2C @AE:@?D[ H9J E96J’C6 2DD@4:2E65 H:E9 365E:>6[ 2?5 H92E E96 C6D62C49 D2JD]k^Am
k9bm`] s@6D %2CE r96CCJ yF:46 w6=A *@F $=66Ank^9bm
kAm%2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 :D @?6 @7 E96 >@C6 AC@>:D:?8 5C:?<D E@ ECJ 367@C6 365 3642FD6 E2CE 496CC:6D ?2EFC2==J 4@?E2:? >6=2E@?:? 2?5 @E96C A=2?E 4@>A@F?5D E92E 92G6 366? DEF5:65 :? C6=2E:@? E@ D=66A] x? @?6 D>2== C2?5@>:K65 4C@DD@G6C DEF5J :?G@=G:?8 25F=ED @G6C 286 d_ H:E9 :?D@>?:2[ A2CE:4:A2?ED H9@ 5C2?< ac_ >:==:=:E6CD W23@FE g @F?46DX @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^AF3>65]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^agh_`hdg^QmE2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 EH:46 52:=J 7@C EH@ H66<D 6IA6C:6?465 :>AC@G6>6?ED :? D=66A E:>6 2?5 D=66A 677:4:6?4Jk^2m] %96 DEF5J :?4=F565 @?6 D6CG:?8 :? E96 >@C?:?8 2?5 2?@E96C `\a 9@FCD 367@C6 365E:>6]k^Am
kAm#6D62C496CD 92G6 2=D@ =@@<65 2E E2CE 496CC:6D 2D 2 D@FC46 @7 ?2EFC2==J @44FCC:?8 >6=2E@?:?[ A@=JA96?@=D[ 2?5 @E96C 4@>A@F?5D :?G@=G65 :? ?@C>2= D=66A C68F=2E:@?] (9:=6 E96 C6D62C49 :D DE:== 56G6=@A:?8[ E2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 92D D@>6 @7 E96 >@DE 5:C64E D=66A C6D62C49 369:?5 2?J 5C:?< @? E9:D =:DE]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mw@H s@ *@F |2<6 2 $=66AJ v:C= |@4<E2:=nk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kAm%96 G:C2= “D=66AJ 8:C= >@4<E2:=” :D EJA:42==J >256 H:E9 E2CE 496CCJ ;F:46[ >28?6D:F>[ 2?5 2 7:KKJ >:I6C]k^Am
kF=mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ627d7`_c6_eccgg6e4f635gd4h57af45fQm`^a 4FA `__T E2CE 496CCJ ;F:46k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ64hc6fh765h_gf47``a`eh5_3dbahadbdQmp3@FE `^a 4FA A=2:? DA2C<=:?8 H2E6Ck^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ63e72e5f`f7h224ef347ggc4eac5h73aeQm|28?6D:F> 8=J4:?2E6 A@H56C[ AC@G:5:?8 2AAC@I:>2E6=J k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^962=E9]4=6G6=2?54=:?:4]@C8^D=66AJ\8:C=\>@4<E2:=Qm`__\a__ >8 @7 6=6>6?E2= >28?6D:F>k^2m[ @C E96 2>@F?E 5:C64E65 @? E96 AC@5F4E =236=k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6g422g3_253hcd2c6`f3b7fa53h4d7g46Qm~AE:@?2= DBF66K6 @7 =:>6k^=:mk^F=m
kAm$E:C E96 :?8C65:6?ED E@86E96C 2?5 6?;@J 2D A2CE @7 J@FC 6G6?:?8 H:?5\5@H?] |28?6D:F> :D :?G@=G65 :? ?@C>2= >FD4=6 2?5 ?6CG6 7F?4E:@?] %96 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^@5D]@5]?:9]8@G^724ED966ED^|28?6D:F>\r@?DF>6C^Qm}2E:@?2= x?DE:EFE6D @7 w62=E9k^2m W}xwX =:DED bd_ >:==:8C2>D A6C 52J 2D E96 FAA6C =:>:E 7@C >28?6D:F> 7C@> DFAA=6>6?ED 2?5 >65:42E:@?D 7@C 25F=ED[ F?=6DD @E96CH:D6 5:C64E65 3J 2 962=E942C6 AC@76DD:@?2=]k^Am
kAm|28?6D:F> 42? 2=D@ :?E6C24E H:E9 46CE2:? >65:42E:@?D[ 2?5 A6C E96 }xw[ E96 C:D< @7 >28?6D:F> E@I:4:EJ :D 9:896C 7@C A6@A=6 H:E9 :>A2:C65 <:5?6J 7F?4E:@?] r964< H:E9 J@FC 962=E942C6 AC@G:56C 367@C6 255:?8 2 >28?6D:F> DFAA=6>6?E :7 J@F E2<6 >65:42E:@?D[ 92G6 <:5?6J AC@3=6>D[ @C 92G6 BF6DE:@?D 23@FE H96E96C :E :D 2AAC@AC:2E6 7@C J@F]k^Am
k9bma] s@6D r92>@>:=6 %62 |2<6 *@F $=66AJnk^9bm
kAmr92>@>:=6 E62 :D 2 A@AF=2C 42776:?6\7C66 365E:>6 5C:?<[ 2?5 C6D62C49 DF886DED :E >2J DFAA@CE C6=2I2E:@? 2?5 46CE2:? 2DA64ED @7 D=66A BF2=:EJ] r92>@>:=6 4@?E2:?D 2A:86?:?[ 2 A=2?E 4@>A@F?5 E92E 92D 366? DEF5:65 :? 4@??64E:@? H:E9 C6=2I2E:@? 2?5 D=66A] p a_ac k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^AF3>65]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^bh`_eh`a^QmDJDE6>2E:4 C6G:6H 2?5 >6E2\2?2=JD:D @7 4=:?:42= EC:2=Dk^2m 7@F?5 :>AC@G6>6?ED :? D@>6 >62DFC6D @7 D=66A BF2=:EJ[ :?4=F5:?8 ?:89EE:>6 2H2<6?:?8D]k^Am
kAm}@E 6G6CJ D=66A >62DFC6 :>AC@G65 4@?D:DE6?E=J 24C@DD E96 DEF5:6D[ 3FE 492>@>:=6 DE:== 92D 2 76H E9:?8D 8@:?8 7@C :E 2E 365E:>6i xE’D ?2EFC2==J 42776:?6\7C66[ H2C>[ 2?5 62DJ E@ >2<6 A2CE @7 2 C6=2I:?8 ?:89E=J C@FE:?6] x7 492>@>:=6 :D?’E J@FC 4FA @7 E62[ @E96C 42776:?6\7C66 96C32= @AE:@?D[ DF49 2D A6AA6C>:?E @C =6>@? 32=>[ 42? @776C 2 D:>:=2C=J D@@E9:?8 6G6?:?8 C:EF2=]k^Am
k9bmb] s@6D (2C> |:=< w6=A *@F $=66Ank^9bm
kAm(2C> >:=< 92D =@?8 366? 2DD@4:2E65 H:E9 365E:>6[ 2?5 E96C6 >2J 36 3@E9 ?FEC:E:@?2= 2?5 3692G:@C2= C62D@?D :E 96=AD D@>6 A6@A=6 H:?5 5@H?] |:=< 4@?E2:?D ECJAE@A92?[ 2? 2>:?@ 24:5 J@FC 3@5J FD6D E@ AC@5F46 D6C@E@?:? 2?5 >6=2E@?:?[ H9:49 2C6 :?G@=G65 :? ?@C>2= D=66A C68F=2E:@?]k^Am
kAmp k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A>4]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^2CE:4=6D^!|rffeecad^QmDJDE6>2E:4 C6G:6H @7 >:=<[ 52:CJ AC@5F4ED[ 2?5 D=66Ak^2m 7@F?5 E92E D@>6 DEF5:6D C6A@CE65 :>AC@G6>6?ED :? D=66A\C6=2E65 @FE4@>6D[ 2=E9@F89 C6DF=ED G2C:65 3J 52:CJ AC@5F4E[ DEF5J A@AF=2E:@?[ 2?5 AC6A2C2E:@?]k^Am
kAm%96C6 >2J 2=D@ 36 2 4@>7@CE 724E@C 2E H@C<] sC:?<:?8 D@>6E9:?8 H2C> 2?5 72>:=:2C 367@C6 365 42? 364@>6 2 4@?D:DE6?E 4F6 E92E E96 52J :D H:?5:?8 5@H?] p55 2 =:EE=6 9@?6J :7 J@F 6?;@J E96 7=2G@C[ D6EE=6 :?[ 2?5 =6E E96 C:EF2= :ED6=7 364@>6 A2CE @7 J@FC 365E:>6 C@FE:?6]k^Am
k9bmc] r2? v@=56? |:=< w6=A *@F (:?5 s@H?nk^9bm
kAmv@=56? >:=< 42? 36 2? 6DA64:2==J 4@KJ 49@:46 367@C6 365 3642FD6 :E 4@>3:?6D 2 H2C>[ 42776:?6\7C66 32D6 H:E9 DA:46D EC25:E:@?2==J 2DD@4:2E65 H:E9 4@>7@CE 2?5 C6=2I2E:@?] $@>6E:>6D 42==65 “>@@? >:=<[” E9:D H2C> 5C:?< EJA:42==J 4@>3:?6D >:=< H:E9 EFC>6C:4 2?5 @E96C DA:46D]k^Am
kAm%FC>6C:4 4@?E2:?D 4FC4F>:?[ 2 A=2?E 4@>A@F?5 H:56=J DEF5:65 7@C :ED k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A>4]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^2CE:4=6D^!|rfdaabdc^Qm2?E:@I:52?E 2?5 2?E:\:?7=2>>2E@CJ AC@A6CE:6Dk^2m] p?5 :7 J@F >2<6 8@=56? >:=< H:E9 52:CJ >:=<[ J@F’== 2=D@ 86E ECJAE@A92?[ E96 2>:?@ 24:5 :?G@=G65 :? E96 3@5J’D AC@5F4E:@? @7 D6C@E@?:? 2?5 >6=2E@?:?]k^Am
kAm#6D62C49 92D ?@E 6DE23=:D965 8@=56? >:=< :ED6=7 2D 2 D=66A 2:5[ 3FE :ED 4@>3:?2E:@? @7 H2C>E9[ 42776:?6\7C66 :?8C65:6?ED[ 2?5 C:EF2= >2<6D :E 2? 62DJ 255:E:@? E@ 2 C6=2I:?8 365E:>6 C@FE:?6]k^Am
kAmkDEC@?8mw@H s@ *@F |2<6 v@=56? |:=<nk^DEC@?8mk^Am
kF=mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6gg6gchg7gc4276ge`h`422c2b7dha_c7Qm` 4FA >:=< @C J@FC AC676CC65 >:=< 2=E6C?2E:G6k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ633cabhga7`_7fbg75eafah4cdb_e4_dcQm`^c E62DA@@? EFC>6C:4k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6_g4h65ahge3ed``aadgbage34_e4cfbbQmp A:?49 @7 4:??2>@?k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ62624hd2ge3647e4f23b43hbg26a5bcg7Qmp A:?49 @7 8C@F?5 8:?86C[ :7 56D:C65k^=:mk=: 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6_2`7ea73hec43hf23c57h_2adc7dg254Qmw@?6J E@ E2DE6[ :7 56D:C65k^=:mk^F=m
kAm(2C> E96 :?8C65:6?ED E@86E96C H:E9@FE 3C:?8:?8 E96 >:=< E@ 2 3@:=[ DE:C H6==[ 2?5 6?;@J] %96 D:>A=6 24E @7 >2<:?8 E96 D2>6 5C:?< 6249 6G6?:?8 42? 364@>6 A2CE @7 2 >@C6 4@?D:DE6?E 365E:>6 C@FE:?6]k^Am
k9bmd] r2? pAA=6 r:56C w6=A *@F $=66Ank^9bm
kAm(2C> 2AA=6 4:56C 42? 36 2 4@>7@CE:?8[ 42776:?6\7C66 @AE:@? H96? J@F H2?E 2 D62D@?2= 5C:?< 2D A2CE @7 J@FC 6G6?:?8 H:?5\5@H?] &?=:<6 4@7766[ 42776:?2E65 E62[ @C >2?J D@52D[ 2AA=6 4:56C H@?’E 255 42776:?6 E@ J@FC ?:89EE:>6 C@FE:?6[ 2?5 H2C>:?8 :E H:E9 4:??2>@? @C @E96C 72== DA:46D 42? >2<6 :E 766= 6DA64:2==J D@@E9:?8 @? 2 4@=5 ?:89E]k^Am
kAmpAA=6 4:56C 4@?E2:?D ?FEC:6?ED 2?5 ?2EFC2==J @44FCC:?8 A=2?E 4@>A@F?5D 7C@> 2AA=6D] p=E9@F89 4:56C :ED6=7 92D ?@E 366? H6== DEF5:65 2D 2 D=66A 5C:?<[ E92E 5@6D?’E >2<6 :E :CC6=6G2?E 2E 365E:>6] p H2C>[ 72>:=:2C 5C:?< 42? 364@>6 A2CE @7 E96 C:EF2= E92E D:8?2=D :E’D E:>6 E@ D=@H 5@H?]k^Am
kAmq642FD6 4:56C 4@?E2:?D ?2EFC2==J @44FCC:?8 DF82C[ <66A E96 D6CG:?8 >@56DE 2?5 2G@:5 962G:=J DH66E6?65 G6CD:@?D C:89E 367@C6 365]k^Am
k9bm(92E $9@F=5 *@F pG@:5 sC:?<:?8 q67@C6 q65nk^9bm
kAmr9@@D:?8 2 ?:89EE:>6 5C:?< :D @?=J 92=7 E96 6BF2E:@?] $@>6 36G6C286D 42? >2<6 :E 92C56C E@ 86E E96 <:?5 @7 C6DE J@F’C6 =@@<:?8 7@C]k^Am
kF=mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ67f`h6c_35adg62365hb_4e3ada4cc54hQmkDEC@?8mr2776:?6ik^DEC@?8m r@7766[ 6?6C8J 5C:?<D[ >2?J D@52D[ 2?5 3=24< @C 8C66? E62 42? :?E6C76C6 H:E9 D=66A 6G6? H96? 4@?DF>65 9@FCD 62C=:6C] ~?6 4@?EC@==65 DEF5J 7@F?5 E92E 2 DF3DE2?E:2= 5@D6 @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^AF3>65]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^acabdh_b^Qm42776:?6 D:I 9@FCD 367@C6 365E:>6 DE:== D:8?:7:42?E=J 5:DCFAE65 D=66Ak^2m]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6h6c65hage7773`75ahbb635egf27df5`QmkDEC@?8mp=4@9@=ik^DEC@?8m p=4@9@= 42? :?:E:2==J >2<6 J@F 766= 5C@HDJ[ 3FE :E 42? k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2EFC6A65:4]4@>^3=@8^9@H\2=4@9@=\27764ED\D=66AQm5:DCFAE D=66A 2C49:E64EFC6k^2m 2?5 4@?EC:3FE6 E@ >@C6 7C28>6?E65 D=66A =2E6C :? E96 ?:89E]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6be5643agdfghd7gg7ef7`h4b3f25a5bgQmkDEC@?8m'6CJ DF82CJ 5C:?<Dik^DEC@?8m #6D62C49 92D 7@F?5 2DD@4:2E:@?D 36EH66? D9@CE D=66A 2?5 9:896C 4@?DF>AE:@? @7 DF82C\DH66E6?65 36G6C286D[ 2=E9@F89 :E 42??@E 56E6C>:?6 H96E96C DF82CJ 5C:?<D 42FD6 A@@C D=66A @C H96E96C A@@C D=66A 492?86D 36G6C286 49@:46D] p =:89E=J DH66E6?65 @C F?DH66E6?65 365E:>6 5C:?< >2J 36 2 36EE6C 7:E 7@C J@FC C@FE:?6]k^=:mk=: 5:ClQ=ECQ 52E2\=:DE\:E6>\:5lQ6da75g6d4cae5b_hbe6c`7gef753c7`_2QmkDEC@?8m{2C86 2>@F?ED @7 2?J 7=F:5ik^DEC@?8m sC:?<:?8 2 =@E :>>65:2E6=J 367@C6 365 42? :?4C62D6 E96 492?46D E92E J@F’== ?665 E@ 86E FA 5FC:?8 E96 ?:89E] x7 E92E 92AA6?D E@ J@F C68F=2C=J[ >@G6 J@FC 365E:>6 5C:?< 2 =:EE=6 62C=:6C @C 49@@D6 2 D>2==6C D6CG:?8]k^=:mk^F=m
k9bmw@H r2? *@F |2<6 2 q65E:>6 sC:?< !2CE @7 *@FC }:89E=J #@FE:?6nk^9bm
kAmp 365E:>6 36G6C286 42? 36 FD67F= 7@C >@C6 E92? :ED :?8C65:6?ED] |2<:?8 2?5 6?;@J:?8 E96 D2>6 5C:?< 6249 ?:89E 42? 364@>6 2 AC65:4E23=6 4F6 E92E E96 52J :D 6?5:?8]k^Am
kAm%CJ 92G:?8 J@FC 5C:?< 2C@F?5 b_\e_ >:?FE6D 367@C6 365[ @C 62C=:6C :7 5C:?<:?8 =:BF:5D =2E6 E6?5D E@ H2<6 J@F 5FC:?8 E96 ?:89E] u@C E2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 DA64:7:42==J[ @?6 D>2== k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^A>4]?43:]?=>]?:9]8@G^2CE:4=6D^!|rde`ffch^Qm:?D@>?:2 DEF5Jk^2m FD65 :ED 6G6?:?8 D6CG:?8 `\a 9@FCD 367@C6 365E:>6]k^Am
kAm!2:C J@FC 5C:?< H:E9 42=>:?8 24E:G:E:6D =:<6 C625:?8[ >65:E2E:?8[ DEC6E49:?8[ @C =:DE6?:?8 E@ D@@E9:?8 >FD:4] *@F 42? 2=D@ >2<6 J@FC 6?G:C@?>6?E A2CE @7 E96 C:EF2= 3J 5:>>:?8 E96 =:89ED[ DE6AA:?8 2H2J 7C@> D4C66?D[ 2?5 86EE:?8 4@>7@CE23=6 :? J@FC 3655:?8] #6A62E:?8 E96 D2>6 32D:4 D6BF6?46 2D A2CE @7 J@FC k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2EFC6A65:4]4@>^3=@8D^D=66A\8F:56D^27E6C\H@C<\C@FE:?6Qm?:89E=J H:?5\5@H? C@FE:?6k^2m 42? 96=A >2<6 365E:>6 766= =6DD =:<6 2? 23CFAE DE@A 2?5 >@C6 =:<6 2 8C25F2= EC2?D:E:@?]k^Am
kAmx7 EC@F3=6 72==:?8 2D=66A @C DE2J:?8 2D=66A :D 7C6BF6?E[ A6CD:DE6?E[ @C 27764E:?8 J@FC 52JE:>6 =:76[ E2=< H:E9 2 962=E942C6 AC@76DD:@?2= 23@FE H92E >2J 36 4@?EC:3FE:?8]k^Am
k9bm(9:49 q65E:>6 sC:?< xD #:89E 7@C *@Fnk^9bm
kAm%2CE 496CCJ ;F:46 92D D@>6 @7 E96 >@DE 5:C64E D=66A C6D62C49 @? E9:D =:DE[ H9:=6 492>@>:=6 E62 @776CD 2 ?2EFC2==J 42776:?6\7C66 49@:46 H:E9 C6D62C49 DFAA@CE:?8 46CE2:? 2DA64ED @7 D=66A BF2=:EJ] (2C> >:=< 3C:?8D ECJAE@A92? 2?5 2 =@?8 9:DE@CJ 2D 2 365E:>6 C:EF2=[ H9:=6 8@=56? >:=< 2?5 2AA=6 4:56C @776C H2C>[ 4@KJ @AE:@?D H96? E96 C:EF2= :ED6=7 :D A2CE @7 H92E 96=AD J@F D=@H 5@H?]k^Am
kAm*@F 5@?’E ?665 E@ 7:?5 2 >28:42= 5C:?<] r9@@D6 @?6 J@F 6?;@J[ >2<6 :E A2CE @7 2 4@?D:DE6?E C@FE:?6[ 2?5 8:G6 J@FCD6=7 E:>6 E@ EC2?D:E:@? :?E@ C6DE] k^Am
kAmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2EFC6A65:4]4@>^3=@8D^D=66A\8F:56D^D62D@?2=\5C:?<D\7@C\D=66AQmk6>m%9:D DE@CJk^6>mk^2mk6>m H2D AC@5F465 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]?2EFC6A65:4]4@>Qmk6>m}2EFC6A65:4k^6>mk^2mk6>m 2?5 C6G:6H65 2?5 5:DEC:3FE65 3Jk^6>m k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^9F3D]=2^"_b<=8$#_Q C6=lQ?@7@==@HQmk6>m$E24<6Ck^6>mk^2mk6>m]k^6>mk^Am